Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each...

LQ

Lê Quỳnh Anh

1 tháng 10 2019

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as an example of invisible culture?

A. How people express interest in what others are saying

B. How late is considered impolite

C. What topics to avoid in conversation

D. What food to eat in a courthouse

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

1 tháng 10 2019

Đáp án D

Điều nào sau đây không được đề cập đến như một ví dụ về văn hoá vô hình?

A. Cách người ta thể hiện sự hứng thú với điều người khác nói.

B. Muộn bao lâu thì bị coi là bất lịch sự.

C. Chủ đề nào nên tránh trong các cuộc trò chuyện.

D. Đồ ăn nào nên ăn trong toà án.

Câu 2 đoạn 2: “For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior…”

Như vậy dễ thấy cả A, B, C đều được đề cập. Chỉ có D sai

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LQ

Lê Quỳnh Anh

5 tháng 11 2019

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The phrase “the tip of the iceberg” in paragraph 1 means that ___________.

A. most aspects of culture cannot be seen

B. we usually focus on the highest forms of culture

C. other cultures seem cold to us

D. visible aspects of culture are learned in formal institutions

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

5 tháng 11 2019

Đáp án A

Cụm “the tip of the iceberg” trong đoạn 1 có nghĩa ______

A. phần lớn khía cạnh văn hoá không thể nhìn thấy

B. chúng ta thường chỉ chú trọng hình thức tối cao của văn hoá

C. các văn hoá khác có vẻ xa cách, lạnh lung với chúng ta

D. các khía cạnh bề nổi được tiếp thu qua các cơ quan chính quy

The tip of the iceberg: phần nổi tảng băng trôi.

Nguyên lý này nói đến những thứ ta dễ nhận thấy được chỉ là phần nổi của một sự vật, sự việc. Còn phần lớn hơn, quan trọng hơn lại là phần chìm, không nhận thấy được.

Tác giả có ý muốn nói phần lớn khía cạnh văn hoá là phần chìm mà ta không nhận thấy được.

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LQ

Lê Quỳnh Anh

15 tháng 3 2019

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

Which of the following would most likely result in misunderstanding?

A. Strange behaviour from someone speaking a foreign language

B. Learning about our own culture in school

C. Strange behaviour from someone speaking our language

D. Unusual food being cooked by foreign visitors

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

15 tháng 3 2019

Đáp án C

Điều nào sau đây dễ có khả năng gây hiểu nhầm nhất?

A. Hành vi kì lạ từ ai đó nói ngôn ngữ khác mình.

B. Học về văn hoá của mình tại trường học.

C. Hành vi kì lạ từ ai đó nói chung ngôn ngữ.

D. Thức ăn lạ miệng được nấu bởi du khách nước ngoài.

Đoạn cuối bài viết: “If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.”

Ý chính: Khi sự khác biệt rõ ràng ngay từ đầu chúng ta ít hiểu nhầm hơn. Ví dụ một người có bề ngoài khác mình, nói ngôn ngữ khác mình thì ta sẽ không cho là mình hiểu được anh ta hay anh ta hiểu được mình. Nhưng nếu một người vẻ ngoài có vẻ không khác, lại nói chung ngôn ngữ thì ta sẽ cho rằng mình hiểu được anh ta. Tuy nhiên, quan niệm mới là cái quyết định hành vi, do đó dù cho vẻ ngoài giống nhưng quan niệm vô hình lại khác biệt thì mâu thuẫn từ đó sẽ dễ dàng xảy ra

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LQ

Lê Quỳnh Anh

26 tháng 3 2017

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The word “deliberately” in bold in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.

A. slowly

B. accurately

C. intentionally

D. randomly

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

26 tháng 3 2017

Đáp án C

Từ “deliberately” in đậm trong đoạn 1 gần nghĩa nhất với _________

A. chậm, từ từ

B. chính xác

C. có chủ ý

D. ngẫu nhiên

Deliberately = intentionally (adv): chủ tâm, có chủ ý từ trước

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LQ

Lê Quỳnh Anh

29 tháng 1 2019

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The author implies that institutions such as schools and workplaces ________.

A. reinforce invisible cultural differences

B. are aware of cultural differences

C. share a common culture

D. teach their employees about cultural differences

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

29 tháng 1 2019

Đáp án A

Tác giả nói rằng những nơi như trường học hay cơ quan làm việc ________.

A. củng cố khác biệt vô hình trong văn hoá

B. nhận biết được khác biệt văn hoá

C. cùng có chung một văn hoá

D. dạy cho nhân viên về khác biệt văn hoá

Câu đầu đoạn cuối: “Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences.”

(Các cơ quan tổ chức chính quy như trường học, bệnh viện, cơ quan làm việc, chính phủ và hệ thống pháp lý là nơi quy tụ những khác biệt vô hình trong văn hoá.)

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Lê Quỳnh Anh

23 tháng 5 2018

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that conflict results when ___________.

A. one culture is more invisible than another culture

B. people compete with those from other cultures

C. some people recognize more cultural differences than others

D. people think cultural differences are personal

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

23 tháng 5 2018

Đáp án D

Có thể suy ra từ đoạn 3 rằng mâu thuẫn xảy ra khi___________

A. văn hoá này khó nhận biết hơn văn hoá kia

B. người ta ganh đua với người từ nền văn hoá khác

C. vài người nhận biết nhiều khác biệt trong văn hoá hơn người khác

D. người ta đánh đồng khác biệt văn hoá với khác biệt quan điểm cá nhân

Câu 2 đoạn 3: “Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal.”

(Mâu thuẫn có thể xảy ra khi chúng ta không xem khác biệt trong cách hành xử của người khác như một đặc tính về văn hoá mà coi nó như vấn đề cá nhân.)

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LQ

Lê Quỳnh Anh

12 tháng 8 2018

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of...

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behaviour, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioural differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behaviour, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

The word “those” in paragraph 2 refers to__________.

A. invisible cultural assumptions

B. people from a different culture

C. topics that should be avoided in conversation

D. people who speak a different language

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

12 tháng 8 2018

Đáp án A

Từ “those” ở đoạn 2 nói đến _________

A. quan niệm văn hoá vô hình

B. những người từ nền văn hoá khác

C. chủ đề nên tránh khi trò chuyện

D. người nói ngôn ngữ khác

“When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behaviour as cultural in origin.”

(Khi gặp người có quan niệm văn hoá vô hình khác những gì mình quan niệm, ta thường không xem hành vi của họ là thứ thuộc về văn hoá.)

Như vậy those là thay thế cho cụm invisible cultural assumptions.

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Lê Quỳnh Anh

2 tháng 2 2019

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture....

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To describe cultural diversity.

B. To point out that much of culture is learned consciously.

C. To explain why cross-cultural conflict occurs.

D. To explain the importance of invisible aspects of culture.

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

2 tháng 2 2019

Đáp án D

Giải thích: Đâu là mục đích chính của đoạn văn?

A. Để miêu tả sự đa dạng văn hóa

B. Để chỉ ra rằng nhiều lĩnh vực văn hóa được học một cách có ý thức

C. Để giải thích tại sao những xung đột liên văn hóa xảy ra

D. Để giải thích tầm quan trọng của những mặt không nhìn thấy của văn hóa.

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Lê Quỳnh Anh

28 tháng 9 2019

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50. In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture....

Đọc tiếp

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.

In most discussions of cultural diversity, attention has focused on visible, explicit aspects of culture, such as language, dress, food, religion, music, and social rituals. Although they are important, these visible expressions of culture, which are taught deliberately and learned consciously, are only the tip of the iceberg of culture. Much of culture is taught and learned implicitly, or outside awareness. Thus, neither cultural insiders nor cultural outsiders are aware that certain “invisible” aspects of their culture exist.

Invisible elements of culture are important to us. For example, how long we can be late before being impolite, what topics we should avoid in a conversation, how we show interest or attention through listening behavior, what we consider beautiful or ugly- these are all aspects of culture that we learn and use without being aware of it. When we meet other people whose invisible cultural assumptions differ from those we have learned implicitly, we usually do not recognize their behavior as cultural in origin.

Differences in invisible culture can cause problems in cross-cultural relations. Conflicts may arise when we are unable to recognize others’ behavioral differences as cultural rather than personal. We tend to misinterpret other people’s behavior, blame them, or judge their intentions or competence without realizing that we are experiencing cultural rather than individual differences.

Formal organizations and institutions, such as schools, hospitals, workplaces, governments, and the legal system are collection sites for invisible cultural differences. If the differences were more visible, we might have less misunderstanding. For example, if we met a man in a courthouse who was wearing exotic clothes, speaking a language other than ours, and carrying food that looked strange, we would not assume that we understood his thoughts and feelings or that he understood ours. Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language, and does not differ from us in other obvious ways, we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

Which of the following would most likely result in misunderstanding?

A. Unusual food being cooked by foreign visitors.

B. Strange behaviour from someone speaking a foreign language.

C. Strange behaviour from someone speaking our language.

D. Learning about our own culture in school.

#Mẫu giáo

1

DH

Dương Hoàn Anh

28 tháng 9 2019

Đáp án C

Giải thích: Điều nào sau đây hầu như dẫn đến sự hiểu lầm?

A. thức ăn được nấu theo cách không bình thường bởi du khách nước ngoài

B. cách cư xử kì lạ từ ai đó nói tiếng nước ngoài

C. hành vi kì lạ từ ai đó nói ngôn ngữ của chúng ta

D. học về văn hóa của chúng ta ở trường

Yet when such a man is dressed similarly to us, speaks our language. and does not differ from us in other obvious ways. we may fail to recognize the invisible cultural differences between us. As a result, mutual misunderstanding may arise.

Dịch đoạn văn: Trong hầu hết những cuộc thảo luận về sự đa dạng văn hóa, sự chú ý chỉ tập trung vào những khía cạnh rõ ràng, nhìn thấy được như ngôn ngữ, trang phục, thức ăn, tôn giáo, âm nhạc và những nghi lễ mang tính xã hội.

Mặc dù chúng rất quan trọng, những sự thể hiện văn hóa có thể nhận thấy này, được dạy một cách có chọn lọc và được học một cách có ý thức, cũng chỉ là bề nổi của văn hóa. Còn rất nhiều thứ về văn hóa được dạy và học một cách âm thầm, hoặc không hề nhận thức được. Vì vậy, cả những người nghiên cứu hay không nghiên cứu về văn hóa cũng không thể nhận thức được rằng những mặt không thể nhìn thấy nhất định của nền văn hóa của họ có tồn tại.

Những thành phần không nhìn thấy của văn hóa rất quan trọng với chúng ta. Ví dụ, chúng ta có thể đến muộn bao lâu trước khi bị coi là bất lịch sự, chủ đề nào chúng ta nên tránh trong các cuộc trò chuyện, chúng ta nên thể hiện sự quan tâm hoặc chú ý như thế nào qua cách lắng nghe, chúng ta coi cái gì là đẹp, là xấu - đây là tất cả những khía cạnh của văn hóa mà chúng ta học và sử dụng mà không nhận thức được nó. Khi chúng ta gặp những người khác mà cách thể hiện văn hóa không nhìn thấy của họ khác với cái chúng ta học một cách âm thầm, chúng ta thường không nhận ra cách cư xử của họ như văn hóa truyền thống.

Sự khác biệt về văn hóa không được nhìn thấy có thể gây ra những vấn đề trong các mối quan hệ liên văn hóa. Những xung đột có thể phát sinh khi chúng ta không thể nhận ra sự khác biệt về hành vi của người khác là mang tính văn hóa chứ không phải mang tính cá nhân. Chúng ta có xu hướng hiểu sai hành vi của người khác, buộc tội họ, hoặc phán xét ý định, khả năng của họ mà không nhận ra rằng chúng ta đang trải nghiệm sự khác biệt về văn hóa chứ không phải sự khác biệt của cá nhân.

Những tổ chức và cơ quan chính thống, như trường học, bệnh viện, nơi làm việc, chính phủ, và hệ thống hợp pháp chính là những nơi tập hợp của sự khác biệt văn hóa không nhìn thấy. Nếu những sự khác biệt này dễ nhận thấy hơn, chúng ta đã có thể có ít sự hiểu lầm hơn. Ví dụ, nếu chúng ta gặp một người đàn ông ở tòa án mà đang mặc bộ quần áo kì lạ, nói một ngôn ngữ không giống chúng ta, mang theo thức ăn trông kì lạ, chúng ta cũng không thề cam đoan là chúng ta hiểu được suy nghĩ và tình cảm của anh ta hay anh ta hiểu về chúng ta.

Thế nhưng khi một người đàn ông như vậy mặc quần áo giống chúng

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