Question

[Lê Quỳnh Anh]

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Earth. On the solid portions of the planet, the second most prominent features are flat plains, elevated plateaus, and large mountain ranges. In geography, the term "continent" refers to the surface of continuous landmasses that together comprise about 29.2% of the planet's surface. On the other hand, another definition is prevalent in the general use of the term that deals with    extensive main lands, such as Europe or Asia, that actually represent one very large landmass. Although all continents are bounded by the water bodies or high mountain ranges,

isolated main lands, such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called subcontinents. In some circles, the distinction between continents and large islands lies almost exclusively in the size of a particular landmass.

The analysis of compression and tension in the earth's crust has determined that continental structures are composed of layers that underlie continental shelves. A great deal of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their distinctive mineral and chemical composition. It's also quite possible that the ocean floor rests on top of unknown continents that have not yet been explored. The continental crust is believed to have been formed by means of a chemical reaction when lighter materials separated from heavier ones, thus settling at various levels within the crust. Assisted by the measurements of the specifics within crust formations by means of monitoring earthquakes, geologists can speculate that a chemical split occurred to form the atmosphere, sea water and the crust before it solidified many centuries ago.

Although each continent has its special features, all consist of various combinations of components that include shields, mountain belts, intra - cratonic basins, margins, volcanic plateaus, and block-vaulted belts. The basic differences among continents lie in the proportion and the composition of these features relative to the continent size. Climatic zones have a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the surface features, soil erosion, soil deposition, land formation, vegetation, and human activities.

Mountain belts are elongated narrow zones that have a characteristic folded sedimentary organization of layers. They are typically produced during substantial crustal movements, which generate faulting and mountain building. When continental margins collide, the rise of a marginal edge leads to the formation of large mountain ranges, as explained by the plate tectonic theory. This process also accounts for the occurrence of mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence for the ongoing continental plate evolution.

The author in the passage implies that the disagreement among scientists is based on the fact that 

A. Continents undergo compression and experience tension. 

B. Continents have various underlying layers of crust. 

C. Each continent has several planes and shelves. 

D. Continents have different chemical makeup.

Answer 1

[Dương Hoàn Anh]

Chọn D

Tác giả chỉ ra rằng mâu thuẫn giữa các nhà khoa học dựa trên sự thật nào?

A. Lục địa trải qua quá trình nén ép và chịu áp lực.

B. Lục địa có nhiều lớp vỏ ở dưới bề mặt.

C. Mỗi lục địa lại có đặc điểm mặt phẳng và đá ngầm khác nhau.

D. Lục địa có những cấu tạo hoá học khác nhau.

Dẫn chứng: “A great deal of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their distinctive mineral and chemical composition.”

Tạm dịch: Mâu thuẫn lớn xuất hiện giữa các nhà địa chất học, xoay quanh vấn đề có chính xác bao nhiêu lớp vỏ dưới lòng đất dựa vào khoáng chất và cấu tạo hoá học riêng biệt của chúng.