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2 tháng 1 2022

Tham khảo:

1. One of the most wonderful things that man has ever invented.

2. Learn about people and events, entertaiment, documentary and lessons.

3. Watching

4. Through watching TV or listening to the radio

5. listening requires knowledge of many things to imagine but what we see with our eyes explains everything

2 tháng 1 2022

cảm ơn rất nhiều

 

I. Read and answer the question Television enables us to see things in distant places. It is indeed one off the most wonderful things that man has ever invented. Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all pát of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular...
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I. Read and answer the question

Television enables us to see things in distant places. It is indeed one off the most wonderful things that man has ever invented.

Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all pát of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular stories are often shown which entertain millions of people all over the world.

In some countries television is used to teach pupils and students many useful lessons. Students who cannot go to school because of transport or other problems are taught all their lessons at home through television.

As television appeals to the eye instead of the ear, people enjoy watching more than listening to radio . Listening requires knowledge of many things, but what we see with our eyes expains that itself .

For all these reasons, there is no doubt that television will continue to be popular for a long time.

Question :

1. What is television connsidered as ?

2. What do we learn through television ?

3. What do people prefer, watching or listening ?

4. How can students obtain knowledge if they cannot go to school ?

5. What is the difference between listening and watching ?

II. Read again and complete the sentences.

1. Television allows us to see things in ............. places.

2. Television shows pictures taken in all parts of the world for the purpose of ................and .................... .

3. Millions of people around the world are ...............by films based on famous stories.

4. Television appeals to the eye while ..........appeals to the ear.

5. It is easy to understand knowledge on TV as what people see can ........... itself.

6. There is no doubt that television will keep being ................... for a long time.

Cảm ơn trc những ng đã giúp mik ạ ^^

0
Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all parts of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular stories are often shown which entertain millions of people all over the world. In some countries television is used to teach pupils and students many useful lessons....
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Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all parts of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular stories are often shown which entertain millions of people all over the world. In some countries television is used to teach pupils and students many useful lessons. Students who cannot go to school because of transport or other problems are taught all their lessons at home through television. As television appeals to the eye instead of the ear, people enjoy watching more than listening to the radio. Listening requires knowledge of many things, but what we see with our eyes explains that itself. For all these reasons, there is no doubt that television will continue to be popular for a long time.

Read again and complete the sentences.

1. Television allows us to see things in ___________ places.

2. Television shows pictures taken in all parts of the world for the purpose of
___________ and ___________.

3. Millions of people around the world are __shown_________ by films based on famous
stories.

4. Television appeals to the eye while _____radio______ appeals to the ear.

5. It is easy to understand knowledge on TV as what people see can ___________ itself.

6. There is no doubt that television will keep being ___________ for a long time.

 

0
Question V. Read and answer the questions.Television enables us to see things in distant places. It is indeed one of the most wonderful things that man has ever invented.Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all parts of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular...
Đọc tiếp

Question V. Read and answer the questions.

Television enables us to see things in distant places. It is indeed one of the most wonderful things that man has ever invented.

Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all parts of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular stories are often shown which entertain millions of people all over the world. In some countries television is used to teach pupils and students many useful lessons. Students who cannot go to school because of transport or other problems are taught all their lessons at home through television. As television appeals to the eye instead of the ear, people enjoy watching more than listening to the radio. Listening requires knowledge of many things, but what we see with our eyes explains that itself. For all these reasons, there is no doubt that television will continue to be popular for a long time.

Read again and complete the sentences.

1. Television allows us to see things in ___________ places.

2. Television shows pictures taken in all parts of the world for the purpose of
___________ and ___________.

3. Millions of people around the world are __shown_________ by films based on famous
stories.

4. Television appeals to the eye while _____radio______ appeals to the ear.

5. It is easy to understand knowledge on TV as what people see can ___________ itself.

6. There is no doubt that television will keep being ___________ for a long time.

 

1
2 tháng 3 2022

distant

entertainment - instruction

shown

radio

explain

popular

Question V. Read and answer the questions.Television enables us to see things in distant places. It is indeed one of the most wonderful things that man has ever invented.Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all parts of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular...
Đọc tiếp

Question V. Read and answer the questions.

Television enables us to see things in distant places. It is indeed one of the most wonderful things that man has ever invented.

Television not only entertains people but also teaches people a variety of important things. Through this wonderful invention we learn about people and events thousands of miles away. Pictures taken in all parts of the world are also shown on television for entertainment as well as for instruction. Short films based on popular stories are often shown which entertain millions of people all over the world. In some countries television is used to teach pupils and students many useful lessons. Students who cannot go to school because of transport or other problems are taught all their lessons at home through television. As television appeals to the eye instead of the ear, people enjoy watching more than listening to the radio. Listening requires knowledge of many things, but what we see with our eyes explains that itself. For all these reasons, there is no doubt that television will continue to be popular for a long time.

 

Read again and complete the sentences.

1. Television allows us to see things in ___________ places.

2. Television shows pictures taken in all parts of the world for the purpose of
___________ and ___________.

3. Millions of people around the world are __shown_________ by films based on famous
stories.

4. Television appeals to the eye while _____radio______ appeals to the ear.

5. It is easy to understand knowledge on TV as what people see can ___________ itself.

6. There is no doubt that television will keep being ___________ for a long time.

0
1. Odd one out1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio2. Chose the best1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendshipA. How B. When C. Where. D. What3. Chose true, false or no information.Television is an important invention of the twentieth century. It has been so popular that now we can't...
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1. Odd one out

1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme

2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter

3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio

2. Chose the best

1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendship

A. How B. When C. Where. D. What

3. Chose true, false or no information.

Television is an important invention of the twentieth century. It has been so popular that now we can't imagine what life would be like if there were no television. Television is a major means of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, viewers can see and learn about people, places and things in faraway lands.Television widens our knowledge by introducing to us new ideas which may lead us to new hobbies and recreations. In addition to the news, television provides us with a variety of programs that can satisfy every taste. Most people now seem to like spending their evenings watching TV than to go out.

1. Televition is an important means of communication. (True or False)

2. Television provides us with a 9variety of programs (True or False)

3. Most people don't like watching TV in the evening. (True or False)

4. Television can't satisfy all our tastes. (True or False)

5. People can learn many things through TV. (True or Fales)

1
11 tháng 2 2019

1. Odd one out

1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme

2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter

3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio

2. Chose the best

1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendship

A. How B. When C. Where. D. What

1. Odd one out 1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme 2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter 3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio 2. Chose the best 1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendship A. How B. When C. Where. D. What 3. Chose true, false or no information. Television is an important invention of the twentieth century. It has been so popular that...
Đọc tiếp

1. Odd one out

1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme

2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter

3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio

2. Chose the best

1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendship

A. How B. When C. Where. D. What

3. Chose true, false or no information.

Television is an important invention of the twentieth century. It has been so popular that now we can't imagine what life would be like if there were no television. Television is a major means of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, viewers can see and learn about people, places and things in faraway lands.Television widens our knowledge by introducing to us new ideas which may lead us to new hobbies and recreations. In addition to the news, television provides us with a variety of programs that can satisfy every taste. Most people now seem to like spending their evenings watching TV than to go out.

1. Televition is an important means of communication. (True or False)

2. Television provides us with a 9variety of programs (True or False)

3. Most people don't like watching TV in the evening. (True or False)

4. Television can't satisfy all our tastes. (True or False)

5. People can learn many things through TV. (True or Fales)

Giúp mk vs ai làm đc mình tick cho. <3

@Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Thơ ơi. Vào làm giúp mk vs.

2

1. Odd one out

1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme

2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter

3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio

2. Chose the best

1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendship

A. How B. When C. Where. D. What

3. Chose true, false or no information.

Television is an important invention of the twentieth century. It has been so popular that now we can't imagine what life would be like if there were no television. Television is a major means of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, viewers can see and learn about people, places and things in faraway lands.Television widens our knowledge by introducing to us new ideas which may lead us to new hobbies and recreations. In addition to the news, television provides us with a variety of programs that can satisfy every taste. Most people now seem to like spending their evenings watching TV than to go out.

1. Televition is an important means of communication. (True or False)

2. Television provides us with a variety of programs (True or False)

3. Most people don't like watching TV in the evening. (True or False)

4. Television can't satisfy all our tastes. (True or False)

5. People can learn many things through TV. (True or Fales)

29 tháng 1 2019

1. Odd one out

1. A. Newsreader. B. Film producer. C. Comedian. D. Programme

2. A. Popular. B. Exciting. C. Educational. D. Reporter

3. A. World news. B. Cartoon. C. Documentary. D. Studio

2. Chose the best

1. That TV programme is not only interesting __________ it also teaches children many things about family and friendship

A. How B. When C. Where. D. What

3. Chose true, false or no information.

Television is an important invention of the twentieth century. It has been so popular that now we can't imagine what life would be like if there were no television. Television is a major means of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, viewers can see and learn about people, places and things in faraway lands.Television widens our knowledge by introducing to us new ideas which may lead us to new hobbies and recreations. In addition to the news, television provides us with a variety of programs that can satisfy every taste. Most people now seem to like spending their evenings watching TV than to go out.

1. Televition is an important means of communication. True

2. Television provides us with a variety of programs True

3. Most people don't like watching TV in the evening. False

4. Television can't satisfy all our tastes. False

5. People can learn many things through TV. True

Chị Ther có đứa nhờ chị làm nè :))

X. Choose the correct answers to complete the passage.Television is one of man’s most important (1)_____ of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, home viewers can see and learn (2)_____ people, places and things in faraway lands. TV even takes its viewers out of this world. It brings them coverage of America’s astronauts as the astronauts explore (3)_______ space. In addition to all these things, television brings its...
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X. Choose the correct answers to complete the passage.

Television is one of man’s most important (1)_____ of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, home viewers can see and learn (2)_____ people, places and things in faraway lands. TV even takes its viewers out of this world. It brings them coverage of America’s astronauts as the astronauts explore (3)_______ space. In addition to all these things, television brings its viewers a steady stream of programmes that are (4)______ to entertain. In fact, TV provides many (5)_____ entertainment programs than any other kind. The programmes include dramas, comedies, sports, and (6)______ pictures.

1. a. ways b. means c. ranges d. shows

2. a. at b. in c. for d. about

3. a. deep b. large c. outer d. open

4. a. happened b. designed c. composed d. guided

5. a. more b. even c. most d. hardly

6. a. lovely b. clear c. motion d. full

2
19 tháng 3 2020

X. Choose the correct answers to complete the passage.

Television is one of man’s most important (1)_____ of communication. It brings pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes. Through television, home viewers can see and learn (2)_____ people, places and things in faraway lands. TV even takes its viewers out of this world. It brings them coverage of America’s astronauts as the astronauts explore (3)_______ space. In addition to all these things, television brings its viewers a steady stream of programmes that are (4)______ to entertain. In fact, TV provides many (5)_____ entertainment programs than any other kind. The programmes include dramas, comedies, sports, and (6)______ pictures.

1. a. ways b. means c. ranges d. shows

2. a. at b. in c. for d. about

3. a. deep b. large c. outer d. open

4. a. happened b. designed c. composed d. guided

5. a. more b. even c. most d. hardly

6. a. lovely b. clear c. motion d. full

20 tháng 3 2020

1 D  2 D  3 C  4 C  5 C  6 D

                     DỊCH

Truyền hình là một trong những chương trình truyền thông quan trọng nhất của con người. Nó mang hình ảnh và âm thanh từ khắp nơi trên thế giới vào hàng triệu ngôi nhà. Thông qua truyền hình, người xem nhà, có thể xem và tìm hiểu về
người, địa điểm, và những thứ ở vùng đất xa xôi. TV thậm chí còn đưa người xem của chúng ta đến thế giới này. Nó cung cấp cho họ phạm vi bảo hiểm của các phi hành gia Mỹ khi các phi hành gia khám phá bên ngoài. Ngoài tất cả những điều này,TV mang đến cho người xem một chương trình ổn định về sáng tác để giải trí. Trong thực tế, TV cung cấp nhiều nhất là thú vị hơn bất kỳ khác. Các chương trình bao gồm kịch, hài, thể thao và hình ảnh đầy đủ.

Mình cũng ko chắc đâu.

Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things. In fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people working with their brain most of the day. Sports and games make our bodies strong and keep us healthy.But these are not their only uses. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. For example, in tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has...
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Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things. In fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people working with their brain most of the day.

Sports and games make our bodies strong and keep us healthy.But these are not their only uses. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. For example, in tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and send its orders to the muscle of the arms legs, and so on. So tennis helps train the co-ordination among eyes, brain arms, and legs.

Sports and games are also useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unsefishness, courage discipline, and love of one's country. In sports and games a pupil can really practise these virtues.

1. What do some people think of sports and games ?

2. To whom are sports and games specially important ?

3. What is the most important thing that sports and games do for our bodies ?

4. How can tennis be good to our body ?

5. What is one of the ways for pupils to practise good virtues ?

3
11 tháng 2 2018

Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things. In fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people working with their brain most of the day.

Sports and games make our bodies strong and keep us healthy.But these are not their only uses. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. For example, in tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and send its orders to the muscle of the arms legs, and so on. So tennis helps train the co-ordination among eyes, brain arms, and legs.

Sports and games are also useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unsefishness, courage discipline, and love of one's country. In sports and games a pupil can really practise these virtues.

1. What do some people think of sports and games ?

=> Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things.

2. To whom are sports and games specially important ?

=> In fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people working with their brain most of the day.

3. What is the most important thing that sports and games do for our bodies ?

=> They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together.

4. How can tennis be good to our body ?

=> our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and send its orders to the muscle of the arms legs, and so on.

5. What is one of the ways for pupils to practise good virtues ?

=> In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unsefishness, courage discipline, and love of one's country.

13 tháng 3 2018

1. What do some people think of sports and games ?

=> Some people think that sports and games are unimportant things.

2. To whom are sports and games specially important ?

=> In fact, sports and games can be of great value, especially to people working with their brain most of the day.

3. What is the most important thing that sports and games do for our bodies ?

=> They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together.

4. How can tennis be good to our body ?

=> our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and send its orders to the muscle of the arms legs, and so on.

5. What is one of the ways for pupils to practise good virtues ?

=> In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unsefishness, courage discipline, and love of one's country.

Chúc bạn học tốt nhé army BTS!

Dịch:Some theories of the purpose of dreamsFreud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We...
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Dịch:

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit like a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, like language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses like hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in particular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this article has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?

Find the new words and translate it

5
1 tháng 2 2018

Một số lý thuyết về mục đích của những giấc mơ

Freud tin rằng chúng ta mơ ước để chúng ta có thể giải toả những ham muốn sâu, bí mật mà chúng ta không được phép diễn đạt trong cuộc sống thực bởi vì các quy tắc của xã hội lịch sự. Hầu hết mọi người đều biết về phân tích giấc mơ của Freud - giấc mơ về một con tàu đi vào đường hầm là một giấc mơ về quan hệ tình dục. Nhưng liệu đó có phải chỉ là một giấc mơ khi du hành trên tàu?

Một lý thuyết khác là những giấc mơ cho phép chúng ta giải quyết những vấn đề mà chúng ta không thể giải quyết trong cuộc sống thực. Chúng tôi đi ngủ với một vấn đề và thức dậy với câu trả lời. Đây có thể là một cách để "sử dụng" ước mơ của chúng ta hơn là một mục đích "của mơ ước. Nếu bạn tin rằng giấc mơ của bạn là quan trọng thì việc phân tích chúng có thể giúp bạn tập trung suy nghĩ về vấn đề và giúp bạn tìm ra giải pháp.

Hình ảnh hiện đại là giấc mơ là cách để làm sạch ổ cứng của máy tính, tổ chức các sự kiện trong ngày vào các thư mục và xóa các rác mà nó không muốn giữ. Nhưng tất cả chúng ta đều biết rằng rất ít những gì chúng tôi mơ ước mỗi tối liên quan đến những gì đã xảy ra với chúng tôi ngày hôm đó.

Một ý tưởng khác là giấc mơ là cách hành xử của não đối với hành vi mà chúng ta cần phải tồn tại. Vì vậy, chúng tôi mơ ước được bị đuổi bởi một con quái vật bởi vì một ngày nào đó có thể xảy ra! Nó giống như một nghệ sĩ piano thực hành quy mô của cô ấy mỗi ngày mặc dù cô ấy không cần sử dụng chúng vào lúc đó.

Những người khác tin rằng giấc mơ là cách não thực hiện các con đường giữa các tế bào não. Đây có thể là một yếu tố quan trọng tại sao chúng ta ngủ nhiều hơn là tại sao chúng ta mơ ước. Chúng ta chết nếu chúng ta không ngủ nhưng chúng ta có thể sống mà không mơ mộng. Một số bệnh nhân bị thương não mất khả năng mơ ước nhưng dường như không bị ảnh hưởng xấu.

REM và mơ ước

Các nhà khoa học từng nghĩ rằng giấc mơ chỉ xảy ra trong giấc ngủ Mắt nhanh (REM). Giấc ngủ REM là điều cần thiết cho tất cả các động vật có vú. Tất cả chúng ta trở nên cáu kỉnh và chán nản nếu không có nó. Nếu chúng ta không có đủ giấc ngủ đêm REM, chúng tôi sẽ đền bù bằng cách có thêm thời gian tiếp theo. REM được tạo ra bởi bộ não - phần lâu đời nhất và nguyên thủy nhất của bộ não. Vì vậy, các nhà khoa học từng tin rằng giấc mơ cũng là do hoạt động trong não. Bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng giấc mơ có thể xảy ra bất cứ lúc nào trong suốt giấc ngủ. Sự khác biệt duy nhất có thể là dễ nhớ hơn những giấc mơ xảy ra trong REM.

Trẻ sơ sinh có nhiều hoạt động REM hơn người lớn, nhưng nghiên cứu cho thấy họ mơ ước ít hơn. Điều này cũng có thể đúng với động vật. Chúng tôi biết rằng họ có hoạt động REM nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là họ mơ ước.

Nó cũng có vẻ như là mơ ước là một kỹ năng phát triển khi bạn lớn lên, chẳng hạn như ngôn ngữ ví dụ. Ước mơ của trẻ nhỏ rất khác so với giấc mơ của những đứa trẻ lớn tuổi hơn và người lớn.

Nghiên cứu mới

Công nghệ hiện đại đã cho phép các nhà khoa học lập bản đồ các bộ phận của não hoạt động khi chúng ta mơ ước. Giun sơ khai rất năng động, nhưng cũng là những khu vực quan trọng khác ở phía trước của não. Đây là những thùy trán điều khiển cảm xúc, trí nhớ và kinh nghiệm đi qua các giác quan như nghe và nhìn. Nếu những khu vực này bị thương, người đó ngừng mơ. Mặt khác, các lĩnh vực kiểm soát suy nghĩ hợp lý, hợp lý không hoạt động chút nào. Điều này có thể giải thích tại sao những giấc mơ thật kỳ lạ. Họ không có trình tự hoặc thời gian hợp lý, điều này khiến họ rất khó giải thích cho người khác khi chúng tôi thức dậy. Giấc mơ kết hợp các sự kiện gần đây với những sự kiện trong quá khứ và cảm xúc của chúng ta trong khi chúng ta đang mơ ước thường rất mạnh.

Các nhà tâm lý học cũng đã thực hiện các nghiên cứu về những người giữ nhật ký trong một thời gian dài (đến 50 năm trong một số trường hợp) và nhận thấy rằng những gì chúng ta mơ ước có liên quan rất nhiều đến cách chúng ta suy nghĩ và hành xử khi chúng ta tỉnh táo. Vì vậy, một người hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm sẽ có những giấc mơ hướng ngoại, mạo hiểm. Một người nhút nhát sẽ là một người nhút nhát trong những giấc mơ của mình. Những người quan trọng đối với chúng ta thường có trong giấc mơ của chúng ta và những điều đó sẽ làm chúng ta lo lắng hoặc làm cho chúng ta hạnh phúc.

Vậy kết luận là gì?

Vâng, không ai thực sự biết. Nhưng các nhà khoa học hiện đang cho thấy những giấc mơ hoàn toàn không có mục đích. Khi chúng ta tỉnh dậy chúng ta đang 'suy nghĩ' mọi lúc. Một số suy nghĩ này là hữu ích và có một mục đích. Nhưng chúng ta thường chỉ "nghĩ" về không có gì đặc biệt trong khi chúng ta chờ xe buýt hoặc đi bộ để làm việc. Và đó là những gì mà bộ não đang làm khi chúng ta đang ngủ - chỉ cần suy nghĩ. Đôi khi nó thú vị và đôi khi nó là nhàm chán.

Làm nghiên cứu cho bài viết này đã làm tôi quan tâm nhiều hơn đến ước mơ của tôi chứ không phải là ít hơn. Tôi thậm chí có thể bắt đầu một nhật ký trong giấc mơ! Nhưng không có gì tôi đã đọc giải thích tại sao đôi khi tôi có một giấc mơ xấu hổ vì thấy mình đang đứng khỏa thân hoàn toàn tại bến xe buýt. May mắn thay, điều này đã không bao giờ xảy ra với tôi trong cuộc sống thực, và nó không phải là điều mà tôi nghĩ về khi tôi thức. Tôi được nói rằng đó là một ví dụ về 'giấc mơ phổ quát' - một giấc mơ phổ biến cho mọi người trên thế giới. Giấc mơ bay là một ví dụ khác. Vậy giải thích là gì? Chúng ta không thể chỉ "suy nghĩ" về cùng một điều, phải không?

1 tháng 2 2018

Some theories of the purpose of dreams

Freud believed that we dream so that we can release the deep, secret desires that we are not allowed to express in real life because of the rules of polite society. Most people know about Freudian dream analysis – a dream about a train going into a tunnel is a dream about sexual intercourse. But couldn’t it just be a dream about travelling on a train?

Another theory is that dreams allow us to solve problems that we can’t solve in real life. We go to sleep with a problem and wake up with the answer. This may be more of a way to ‘use’ our dreams than a ‘purpose’ of dreaming. If you believe that your dreams are important then analysing them may help you to focus your mind on the problem and help you to find the solution.

The modern image is that dreams are the brain’s way of cleaning up the computer’s hard disk, organizing the events of the day into folders and deleting the rubbish that it doesn’t want to keep. But we all know that very little of what we dream every night is concerned with what happened to us that day.

Another idea is that dreams are the brain’s way of practising the behaviour that we need to survive. So we dream about being chased by a monster because one day it might happen! It’s a bit a pianist practising her scales every day even though she doesn’t need to use them at that moment.

Others believe that dreaming is the brain’s way of exercising the pathways between the brain cells. This may be an important element in why we sleep rather than why we dream. We die if we don’t sleep but we can live without dreaming. Some patients with brain injuries lose the ability to dream but don’t seem to suffer any ill-effects.

REM and dreaming

Scientists used to think that dreaming only happened during Rapid Eye Movement sleep (REM). REM sleep is essential for all mammals. We all become irritable and depressed without it. If we don’t have enough REM one night, we will compensate by having more the next. REM is generated by the brainstem – the oldest and most primitive part of the brain. So scientists used to believe that dreaming was also caused by activity in the brainstem. We now know that dreaming can happen at any time during sleep. The only difference seems to be that it’s easier to remember dreams that happen during REM.

Babies have a lot more REM activity than adults, but research shows that they dream less. The same may be true of animals. We know that they have REM activity but that doesn’t mean they dream.

It also seems that dreaming is a skill that develops as you get older, language for example. Young children’s dreams are very different from older children’s or adult’s dreams.

New research

Modern technology has allowed scientists to map the parts of the brain that are active when we dream. The primitive brainstem is very active, but so are other important areas at the front of the brain. These are the frontal lobes that control emotion, memory, and experiences that come through the senses hearing and vision. If these areas are injured, the person stops dreaming. On the other hand, the areas that control rational, logical thought are not active at all. This could explain why dreams are so strange. They have no logical sequence or time, which makes them very difficult to explain to other people when we wake up. Dreams combine recent events with long past events and our emotions while we are dreaming are often very strong.

Psychologists have also done studies on people who kept dream diaries for long periods of time (up to fifty years in some cases) and have found that what we dream is very much connected with how we think and behave when we are awake. So an extrovert, adventurous person will have extrovert, adventurous dreams. A shy person will be a shy person in her dreams. People who are important to us will often be in our dreams and so will things that worry us or make us happy.

So what’s the conclusion?

Well, nobody really knows. But scientists are now suggesting that dreams have absolutely no purpose at all. When we are awake we are ‘thinking’ all the time. Some of this thinking is useful and has a purpose. But we often just ‘think’ about nothing in parular while we’re waiting for the bus or walking to work. And that’s what the brain is doing when we are asleep - just thinking. Sometimes it’s interesting and sometimes it’s boring.

Doing the research for this arle has made me more interested in my dreams rather than less. I might even start a dream diary! But nothing that I’ve read explains why I sometimes have an embarrassing dream about finding myself standing completely naked at a bus stop. Fortunately, this has never happened to me in real life, and it isn’t something that I think about when I’m awake. I’m told that it’s an example of a ‘universal dream’ – a dream that is common to people all over the world. Dreaming about flying is another example. So what’s the explanation? We can’t all be ‘just thinking’ about the same thing, can we?