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a, Xét tử thức \(x^2\left(y-z\right)+y^2\left(z-x\right)+z^2\left(x-y\right)\)
\(=x^2\left(y-z\right)-y^2\left(x-z\right)+z^2\left[\left(x-z\right)-\left(y-z\right)\right]\)
\(=x^2\left(y-z\right)-y^2\left(x-z\right)+z^2\left(x-z\right)-z^2\left(y-z\right)\)
\(=\left(x^2-z^2\right)\left(y-z\right)-\left(y^2-z^2\right)\left(x-z\right)\)
\(=\left(x-z\right)\left(x+z\right)\left(y-z\right)-\left(y-z\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x-z\right)\)
\(=\left(x-z\right)\left(xy-xz+yz-z^2-y^2-yz+yz+z^2\right)\)
\(=\left(x-z\right)\left(xy-xz+yz-y^2\right)=\left(x-z\right)\left[x\left(y-z\right)-y\left(y-z\right)\right]\)
\(=\left(x-z\right)\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\)
Mẫu thức \(x^2y-x^2z+y^2z-y^3=x^2\left(y-z\right)-y^2\left(y-z\right)=\left(x-y\right)\left(x+y\right)\left(y-z\right)\)
Vậy \(\frac{x^2\left(y-z\right)+y^2\left(z-x\right)+z^2\left(x-y\right)}{x^2y-x^2z+y^2z-y^3}=\frac{\left(x-y\right)\left(y-z\right)\left(x-z\right)}{\left(x-y\right)\left(x+y\right)\left(y-z\right)}=\frac{x-z}{x+y}\)
b, \(\frac{x^5+x+1}{x^3+x^2+x}=\frac{x^5-x^2+x^2+x+1}{x\left(x^2+x+1\right)}=\frac{x^2\left(x-1\right)\left(x^2+x+1\right)+x^2+x+1}{x\left(x^2+x+1\right)}=\frac{\left(x^2+x+1\right)\left(x^3-x^2+1\right)}{x\left(x^2+x+1\right)}=\frac{x^3-x^2+1}{x}\)
\(\frac{x^2-3x+2}{x^3-1}=\frac{x^2-2x-x+2}{\left(x-1\right).\left(x^2+x+1\right)}\)
\(=\frac{x.\left(x-2\right)-\left(x-2\right)}{\left(x-1\right).\left(x^2+x+1\right)}=\frac{\left(x-1\right).\left(x-2\right)}{\left(x-1\right).\left(x^2+x+1\right)}\)
\(=\frac{x-2}{x^2+x+1}\)
\(=\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2-2xy-2yz-2zx}=\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)-\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+2xy+2yz+2xz\right)}\)
\(=\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)-\left(x+y+z\right)^2}=\frac{x^2+y^2+z^2}{3\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)}=\frac{1}{3}\)(vì x+y+z=0)
tách mẫu số ra được: 2(x2+y2+z2)-2(xy+yz+xz) (1)
mà x+y+z=0
=> (x+y+z)2=0
=> x2+y2+z2= -2(xy+yz +xz) (2)
Thay (2) vào (1) ta được mẫu số: 3(x2+y2+z2)
Phân thức khi rút gọn được là: 1/3
\(x^3+y^3+z^3-3xyz=\left(x+y\right)^3-3xy\left(x+y\right)+z^3-3xyz\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)^3-3\left(x+y\right)z\left(x+y+z\right)-3xy\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)\left[\left(x+y+z\right)^2-3xy-3yz-3zx\right]\)
\(=\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2-2xy+y^2+y^2-2yz+z^2+z^2-2zx+x^2\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}\left(x+y+z\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(z-x\right)^2\right]\)
Suy ra \(\frac{x^3+y^3+z^3-3xyz}{\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(y-z\right)^2+\left(z-x\right)^2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(\frac{x^3-y^3+z^3+3xzy}{\left(x+y\right)^2+\left(y+z\right)^2+\left(z-x\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{\left(x-y\right)^3+z^3+3x^2y-3xy^2+3xyz}{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2+2xy+2yz-2xz}\)
\(=\frac{\left(x-y+z\right)\left[\left(x-y\right)^2+z^2-\left(x-y\right)z\right]+3xy\left(x-y+z\right)}{2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+xy+yz-xz\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(x-y+z\right)\left[x^2+y^2-2xy+z^2-xz+yz+3xy\right]}{2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+xy+yz-xz\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(x-y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+xy+yz-xz\right)}{2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+xy+yz-xz\right)}\)
\(=\frac{x-y+z}{2}\)
x3−y3+z3+3xzy(x+y)2+(y+z)2+(z−x)2
=(x−y)3+z3+3x2y−3xy2+3xyz2x2+2y2+2z2+2xy+2yz−2xz
=(x−y+z)[(x−y)2+z2−(x−y)z]+3xy(x−y+z)2(x2+y2+z2+xy+yz−xz)
=(x−y+z)[x2+y2−2xy+z2−xz+yz+3xy]2(x2+y2+z2+xy+yz−xz)
=(x−y+z)(x2+y2+z2+xy+yz−xz)2(x2+y2+z2+xy+yz−xz)
=x−y+z2
Biến đổi tử thức ta đc:
x3 - y3 + z3 + 3xyz
= (x - y)3 + z3 + 3x2y - 3xy2 + 3xyz
= (x - y + z) [ (x - y)2 - (x - y)z + z2 ] + 3xy(x - y + z)
= (x - y + z)(x2 - 2xy + y2 - xz + yz + z2 + 3xy)
= (x - y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 + xy + yz - xz)
Biến đổi mẫu thức ta đc:
(x + y)2 + (y + z)2 + (z - x)2
= x2 + 2xy + y2 + y2 + 2yz + z2 + z2 - 2xz + x2
= 2(x2 + y2 + z2 + xy + yz - xz)
Vậy A = \(\frac{\left(x-y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+xy+yz-xz\right)}{2\left(x^2+y^2+z^2+xy+yz-xz\right)}\)\(=\frac{x-y+z}{2}\)
\(\dfrac{\text{(x+y)2−z2}}{\text{x+y+z}}\)=\(\dfrac{\text{(x+y+z)(x+y-z)}}{\text{x+y+z}}\)=x+y-y
\(\dfrac{\left(x+y\right)^2-z^2}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x+y-z\right)}{x+y+z}=x+y-z\)
Chúc bn học tốt!