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Ex1: Rewrite the following sentences so that the second sentence means exactly the same as the sentence before it:
1. Although she was not beautiful, she took part in a beauty contest.
-> She wasn't beautiful but she took part in a beauty contest.
2. It was raining, so we decided to postpone our camping.
-> Since it was raining, we decided to postpone our camping.
3. She wants them to sing a song.
-> She suggests they should singing a song.
4. She couldn't come to class because of her illness.
-> As she was ill, she couldn't come to class.
5. She couldn't join us because she was busy.
-> She was busy, so she couldn't join us.
6. Because of having a lot of difficulties, she managed to sell the house.
-> As she had a lot of difficulties, she managed to sell house.
7. Shall we go to the cinema tonight ?
-> What about going to the cinema tonight?
8. They requested us to leave the place at once.
-> They suggested we leaving the place at once.
9. I stay at home because it is raining.
-> As it is raining, I stay at home.
10. She was tired and therefore wanted to go home.
-> She wanted to go home because of tiring
Ex2: Complete the sentences using and / but / so / or / because:
1. I like Linda very much ..but... I don't like her brother.
2. I'd like to live somewhere by the Mediterranean ..because... I love the Sun.
3. We enjoy learning English ....so..... we find it very difficult.
4. I can't go out tonight ....because..... I am short of money.
5. She went to the theatre last night ....and.... had a wonderful time.
6. They can't walk home ......because...... it is very dark.
7. Would you like to drink milk .....or....coffee ?
8. It's raining heavily, ....so.... I can't go out.
9. He did the tests well ...and...I did, too.
10. His life was hard ....but... he studied very well.
Ex3: Use connectives to combine each pair of the sentences:
1. He is very tired. He has to finish his homework. (but)
-> He is very tired but he has to finish his homework.
2. The room is very small. It's quite comfortable. (although)
-> Althought the room is small, it's quite comfortable.
3. They went for a walk. The weather was bad. (but)
-> The weather was bad but they went for a walk.
4. Our teacher didn't arrive late. The traffic was terrible. (although)
-> Althought the trafic was terrible, our teacher didn't arive late.
5. I like watching TV. I like going to the cinema. (and)
-> I like watching TV and going to the cinema.
6. She wears glasses. She wants to see better. (because)
-> She wears glasses because she wants to see better.
Study well. 
1. He is very tired. He has to finish his homework. (but)
-> He is very tired but he has to finish his homework.
2. The room is very small. It's quite comfortable. (although)
->Although the room is very small, It's quite comfortable.
3. They went for a walk. The weather was bad. (but)
-> The weather was bad but they went for a walk.
4. Our teacher didn't arrive late. The traffic was terrible. (although)
-> Although the traffic was terrible, our teacher didn't arrive late.
5. I like watching TV. I like going to the cinema. (and)
-> I like watching TV and going to the cinema.
6. She wears glasses. She wants to see better. (because)
-> She wears glasses because she wants to see better.
Find a mistake and correct it
1.In spite of her severe pain, she tried to walk to the auditorium to attend the lecture True
2.Despite of=>X growing industrial activity, the majority of the American people continued to make their living from farming until the beginning of the twentieth century
3.Although our grandfather was old but=>X he could help us
4.He tried to explain, so=>but she refused to listen
5.He decided not to get that job in spite of=>because the salary was low
6.Although=>despite the bad traffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time
7.In spite of=>although my father is old, he still goes to work
8.Though he loves her very much, but=>X he can't talk to her
9.She always behaves childishly despite=>although she has grown up
III. Change clauses of concession to phrases.
1. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.
-> She didn't eat much despite her hunger.
2. He couldn’t solve the problem though he is good at maths.
-> He couldn't solve the problem in spite of being good at maths.
3. Mr Pike doesn’t wear glasses though he is over sixty.
-> Mr. Pike doesn't wear glasses despite being over sixty.
4. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this machine.
-> In spite of his experience in machinery, he didn't succeed in repairing this machine.
5. Although it got dark, they continued to work.
-> Despite the dark, they continued to work.
6. Although it was noise, I kept on studying.
-> In spite of the noise, I kept on studying.
7. Although it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
-> Despite the heavy rain, I went to school on time.
8. The flight was not delayed though it was foggy.
-> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed.
9. He ate all the fruits though they were green.
-> Despite the fruits's being green, he ate all of them.
10. We did the test well though it was difficult.
-> We did the test in spite of its difficulty.
11. Although he is strong, I’m not afraid of him.
-> Despite his strength, I'm not afraid of him.
12. Everybody has great regard for him though he is poor.
-> Everybody has great regard for him despite his poverty.
13. The plane took off though the weather was bad.
-> The plane took off despite the bad weather.
14. He didn’t stop his car though the traffic lights turned red.
-> He didn't stop his car despite the red traffic lights.
15. He studied very well though his life was hard at that time.
-> He studied very well despite his hard life at that time.
16. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive cars in this city.
-> Despite the narrow streets, many people drive cars in this city.
17. Although his English was good, he wasn’t chosen.
-> Despite his good English, he wasn't chosen.
18. Although he’s got an English name, he is in fact German.
-> Despite his English name, he is in fact German.
19. He always studies hard though he encounters difficulties.
-> He always studies hard despite the difficulties he encounters.
20. Although the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic.
-> Despite the bad weather, we are gonig to have a picnic.
21. Although he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep.
-> Despite not having finished the paper, he went to sleep.
22. She attended the class although she didn’t feel alert.
-> She attended the class despite not feeling alert.
23. The child ate the cookies even though his mother had told him not to.
-> The child ate the cookies despite his mother's having told him not to.
24. She drank coffee to keep herself warm although she disliked it.
-> She drank coffee to keep herself warm despite her dislike for it.
25. Mary will take a plane even though she dislikes flying.
-> Mary will take a plane despite her dislike for flying.
26. Although Mary was sad, she managed to smile.
-> Despite Mary's sadness, she managed to smile.
27. The old woman told interesting stories to the children although her memory was poor.
-> The old woman told interesting stories to the children despite her poor memory.
28. Though he had been absent frequently, he was managed to pass the test.
-> Despite his frequent absence, he managed to pass the test.
29. He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet.
-> He ate the chocolate cake despite being on diet.
30. Although the prices are high, my daughters insist on going to the movie.
-> Despite the high prices, my daughters insist on going to the movies.
Supply the correct verb tense or form:
1. He (see)...saw..her while he (walk)...walked.... down the street yesterday
2.After he (do)...had done.. his homework, he went to the cinema
3. Tom (play)....played.... football when he was a little boy
4. Let's go for a walk as soon as it stops (rain)..to rain.....
5. Last night, when I (come)....came.. there, they ( already/ go)..had already gone....to the party
6.Do you remeber (read) .to read... about it? No, at that time I was too young (read)..to read... newspaper
7.My brother is a stamp collector. He started ( collect)...collecting... stamps when he (be)...was.. 15 years old. He (collect)...collected... many kinds of stamps
8. The last time he (see) ....saw... in public, he (wear).....wore.. a great suit
9. We (not/see) .haven't seen.... her since she (leave) ...left.... school
10. Lan said that she (get)...would get.... married soon.
11. My brother (go)..went... to bed after he (turn)....had turned.... the lights off last night
12. She is not accustomed to ( take)...taking... care of by others.
13. We (live)..have lived... in the house since we came here
14. She entered the university after she (graduate)...had graduated... from gigh school
15. They ( finish)..will finish..... the project by the end of the next year
16. When Mark arrived, the Johnsons (have)...were having... dinner, but they (stop)..stopped....(talk)..talking. to him
17. They (live)....lived.. next door to my house since I (be)..was.. young
18. By the end of the next year, I (work)...will have worked.... for him for 25 years
19. While she (talk)..was talking...on the phone, the children (start)...started.. (fight)....fighting.. and (break)...breaking.....on a window
20. When I (be) .was....a boy, I often (go) .went.... fishing with my father
21. Columbus (discover)......discovered... America 500 years ago
22.When I (leave)..left...... my office last night, it (still/rain).....was still raining...very hard
23. What do you think were the children (do) ..doing.. when we (get).got.....home tomorrow?
24. He (lose)....has lost.. his job last month and since then he (be)...was... out of work
25. When we (come)....came.. there last night, they (be)...were...there for an hour
II. Complete the sentences with either BECAUSE or BECAUSE OF:
1. We postponed our trip because of the bad driving conditions.
2. Sue’s eyes were red because she had been swimming in a chlorinated pool.
3. We can’t visit the museum tomorrow because it isn’t open.
4. Jim had to give up jogging because of his sprained ankle. (mắt cá bong gân)
5. Because heavy fog at the airport, we had to stay in Boston an extra day.
6. Please walk carefully because the walkway is slippery (adj-trơn) when wet.
7. Thousands of Irish people emigrated to the United States because of the potato famine
(nạn đóikém/sự khan hiếm) in Ireland in the middle of the nineteenth century
8. My lecture notes(diễn thuyết) were incomplete because the instructor talked too fast.
9. Because it rained, we stayed home.
10. A tomato is classified(xếp loại) as a fruit, but most people consider it a vegetable because
it is prepared and eaten in the same way as lettuce(rau diếp), onions and other vegetables.
III. Complete the sentences with THOUGH(mặc dầu) or BECAUSE :
1. I put on sunglasses though it was a dark, cloudy day.
2. I put on sunglasses because the sun was bright.
3. Though she has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her four chidren.
4. Because she has a job, she is able to pay her rent and provide food her four children.
5. I’m going horseback riding with Judy this afternoon though I’m afraid of horse.
6. Though Tom didn’t know how to dance, he wanted to go the school dance because he felt lonely sitting and staring blankly at the TV while all of his friends were having fun together.
IV- BECAUSE + CLAUSE / SENTENCE / BECAUSE OF + NOUN / PHRASE
1. He is bad at English because he is very lazy.
- He is bad at English because of his laziness.
2. He didn’t come to class because he was ill.
- He didn’t come to class because of his illness.
3. Everyone likes and admires her because of her intelligence.
- Everyone likes and admires her because she is intelligent.
4. The flight 202 was delayed because the weather was bad.
- The flight 202 was delayed because of the bad weather.
5. He decided to accept the job because the salary was high.
- He decided to accept the job because of the high salary.
6. I didn’t come on time because it rained heavily.
- I didn’t come on time because of the heavy rain.
7. She smiles because she is very happy.
- She smiles because of her happiness.
8. They can’t miss the meeting because it is very important.
- They can’t miss the meeting because of its importance.
9. I was late for the meeting because the traffic was heavy.
- I was late for the meeting because of the heavy traffic.
10. My grandmother can’t work hard because she is very old.
- My grandmother can’t work hard because of her old age.
11. He likes her because she’s very beautiful and attractive.
- He likes her because of her beauty and atraction.
12. He didn’t go to school because he was very poor.
- He didn’t go to school because of his poorness.
13. He broke the glass because he was careless.
- He broke the glass because of his carelessness.
14. He left school because his life was hard.
- He left school because of his hard life.
15. My little brother can’t chew well because of his toothache.
- My little brother can’t chew well because he has a toothache.
16. I can’t play basketball because of my height.
- I can’t play basketball because I'm heavy.
17. We can’t swim in this part of the river because of highly polluted water.
- We can’t swim in this part of the river because the water is highly polluted.
18. We spent the whole day in the garden because of lovely weather.
- We spent the whole day in the garden because the weather was lovely.
19. Two cars can’t pass each other because of the narrow road.
- Two cars can’t pass each other because the road is narrow.
20. Nobody can do this test because of its difficulty.
- Nobody can do this test because it's difficult.
Change clauses of reas on to phrases: 1. Mary didn't go to school yesterday because she was sick. ..Because of Mary's sickness , she didn't go to school yesterday ...
2. She went to bed early because she felt tired. ..She went to bed early because of feeling tired ...
3.Ann didn't go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold ...Ann didn't go to the circus with Betty because of having a bad cold ..
4. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard and methodically. ..John succeeded in his exam because of his hard and methodically work..
5. Margaret stayed home because her mother was sick. ..Margaret stayed home because of her mother 's sickness....
6. I like him because his father is kind to me. .... I like him because of his father 's kindness.
7. I can't eat these fruits because they are green. ...I can't eat these fruits because of being green..
8. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult. .I couldn’t do the test because of its dificulty...
9. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark. .. I couldn’t read the letter because of the darkness.
10. He came late because it rained heavily .... He came late because of the heavy rain...
Change clauses of reas on to phrases:
1. Mary didn't go to school yesterday because she was sick.
=> Mary didn't go to school yesterday because of her sickness
2. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
=> She went to bed early because of her tiredness
3.Ann didn't go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold
=> Ann didn't go to the circus with Betty because of her bad cold
4. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard and methodically.
=> John succeeded in his exam because of working hard and methodically.
5. Margaret stayed home because her mother was sick.
=> Margaret stayed home because of her mother’s sickness
6. I like him because his father is kind to me.
=> Because of the kind of his father, I like him.
7. I can't eat these fruits because they are green.
=> Because of green fruits, I can't eat them.
8. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult.
=> Because of its difficulty, I couldn't do the test .
9. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark.
=> Because of the darkness , I couldn’t read the letter .
10. He came late because it rained heavily
=> Because of the heavy rain, He came late .
1 my sister is old. she can driver a car
=> My sister is old enough to drive a car
2 the ladder wasn't verry long .it didn't reach the ceiling
=> The ladder wasn't long enough to reach the ceiling
3 the fire isn't very hot. it won't boil a kettle
=> The fire isn't hot enough to boil a kettle
4 he is strong. he can carry that suicase
=> He is strong enough to carry that suitcase
5 Lan isn't strong . she can't swim across the rive
=> Lan isn't strong enough to swim across the river
6 she is beautiful and intelligent . she can become Miss World
=> She is beautiful and intelligent enough to become Miss World
7 MrRobert isn't rich he can't buy a house
=> Mr RObert isn't rich enough to buy a house
8 the worker in very clever . he can make nice things from wood
=> The worker is clever enough to make nice things from wood
9 our team is very good . we win the foodball match very often
=> Our team is good enough to win the football match very often
10 the radio isn't small . it can't be put it in your pocket
=> The radio isn't small enough to put in your pocket
1. My sister is old enough to drive a car
2. The ladder wasn't long enough to reach the ceiling
3. The fire isn't hot enough to boil a kettle
4. He is strong enough to carry that suitcase
5. Lan isn't strong enough to swim across the river
6. She is beautiful and intelligent enough to become Miss World
7. Mr. Robert isn't rich enough to buy a house
8. The worker is clever enough to make nice things from wood
9. Our team is good enough to win the football match very often
10. The radio isn't small enough to put in your pocket
1. He (see)...saw..her while he (walk)...was walking.... down the street yesterday
2.After he (do)..had done... his homework, he went to the cinema
3. Tom (play).....played... football when he was a little boy
4. Let's go for a walk as soon as it stops (rain)..raining.....
5. Last night, when I (come)..came.... there, they ( already/ go)...had already gone...to the party
6.Do you remember (read) ..reading... about it? No, at that time I was too young (read)..to read... newspaper
7.My brother is a stamp collector. He started ( collect)..collecting.... stamps when he (be)..was... 15 years old. He (collect).has collected..... many kinds of stamps
8. The last time he (see) ...saw.... in public, he (wear)....was wearing... a great suit
9. We (not/see) .haven't seen.... her since she (leave) ...left.... school
10. Lan said that she (get)...had got.... married soon.
11. My brother (go)..went... to bed after he (turn)...had turned.... the lights off last night
12. She is not accustomed to ( take)...taking... care of by others.
13. We (live)...have lived.. in the house since we came here
14. She entered the university after she (graduate)..had graduated.... from gigh school
15. They ( finish)....will have finished.... the project by the end of the next year
16. When Mark arrived, the Johnsons (have)..were having.... dinner, but they (stop)...stopped....(talk)..to talking.... to him
17. They (live)...have lived... next door to my house since I (be)..was. young
18. By the end of the next year, I (work)....will have worked... for him for 25 years
19. While she (talk)...was talking...on the phone, the children (start)...started.. (fight)...to fight... and (break)...broke.....on a window
20. When I (be) .was...a boy, I often (go) ...went.. fishing with my father
21. Columbus (discover)...discovered...... America 500 years ago
22.When I (leave)....left.... my office last night, it (still/rain).....was still raining...very hard
23. What do you think the children (do) ..will do.. when we (get)...get...home tomorrow?
24. He (lose)...lost... his job last month and since then he (be)..was.... out of work
25. When we (come)...came... there last night, they (be)..had been....there for an hour
Rewrite each of the following sentences so that it means exactly the same as the given one. Using the given words in brackets. Do not change the word.
1: I'm not you. But I think you should recycle these plastic carrier bags. (if)
........If I were you, I would recycle these plastic carrier bags.......
2: Emma came first because she worker hard. ( result)
..............Emma came first as a result of her hard work.............
3: Eating too much sugar can result in health problems. ( lead )
...............Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.......
4: All frights had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots sudden strike. (so)
..........The pilots suddenly went on strike, so all flights had to be cancelled. ..........
5: If I could swim. I would go scuba diving with Terry. (beacause)
....I don't go scuba diving with Terry because I can't swim........
Give the correct form of the words to complete the following sentences.
John watched a ( 1. document)documentary on TV last night. It was all about the problems ( 2. threaten)threatening our environment. He was shocked to find out how little he knew about (3.globe)global warning or acid rain. He had heard the term before but he knew ( 4. practical)practically nothing about the damage they cause to our planet. He feels he should do something to be (5.help)helpful. He would like to join an ( 6.organize)organization , but he doesn't know which one to join. He has seen so many (7.advertise)advertisements in newspapers that he can't make up his mind. I lowever., he believes that it is ( 8. acceptable)unacceptable not to be environmentally aware and he is ( 9.hope)hopeful that one day everyone will be part of a world movement to save the earth. He was sure that in this time of ( 10. technology)technological advances, we find may to solve the world's problems.
1............. 2................. 3................. 4.................. 5................. 6................7.................. 8................. 9................. 10.................
Dependent clause of concession
1, She isn't brilliant but she studies quite well
Although she isn't brilliant , she studies quite well
2, Minh was ill. He still came to the meeting
In spite of illness, Minh still came to the meeting
3, He is old, he still leads an active life
In spite of oldness, he still leads an active life
4, Ba worked hard, he failed his exam
Despite woring hard, Ba failed his exam
5, It rained heavily, we decided to go to see the match
Although it rained heavily, we decided to go to see the match
6, The weather was bad, they went out for dinner
Although the weather was bad, they went out for dinner
7, His salary is good, he isn't satisfied
Although his salary is good, he isn't satisfied
8, The house isn't nice, but I like the garden
Although the house isn't nice, I like the garden
9, I didn't speak the language. I managed to make myself understand
Although I didn't speak the language, I managed to make myself understand
10, I told a joke. Nobody laughed
Although I told a joke, nobody laughed
11, They didn't pass their TOEFL exam. They studied hard
Despite studying hard, they didn't pass their TOEFL exam.
12, Every one, young and old, can make conical hats. Conical hats involves 7 steps to complete