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1, \(a^3+b^3+3ab\left(a^2+b^2\right)+6a^2b^2\left(a+b\right)\)
\(=a^3+b^3+3a^3b+3ab^3+6a^2b^2\)
\(=\left(a+b\right)\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)+3ab\left(a^2+2ab+b^2\right)\)
\(=a^2-ab+b^2+3ab\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(=a^2-ab+b^2+3ab\)
\(=a^2+2ab+b^2=\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(=1\)
Vậy A = 1
Bài 2: ( đặt đề bài là A )
Đặt \(b+c-a=x,a+c-b=y,a+b-c=z\)
\(\Rightarrow a+b+c=x+y+z\)
\(\Leftrightarrow A=\left(x+y+z\right)^3-x^3-y^3-z^3\)
\(=x^3+y^3+z^3+3\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)-x^3-y^3-z^3\)
\(=3\left(x+y\right)\left(y+z\right)\left(x+z\right)\)
\(=3.2c.2a.2b=24abc\)
Vậy...
Bài 3:
+) Xét p = 3 có: \(p^2+2=11\in P\) ( t/m )
+) Xét \(p\ne3\) thì:
+ \(p=3k+1\Rightarrow p^2+2=\left(3k+1\right)^2+2=9k^2+6k+3⋮3\notin P\)
+ \(p=3k+2\Rightarrow p^2+2=\left(3k+2\right)^2+2=9k^2+12k+6⋮3\notin P\)
Vậy p = 3
Bài 4:
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+\dfrac{2}{ab}+\dfrac{2}{bc}+\dfrac{2}{ac}=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+\dfrac{2c}{abc}+\dfrac{2a}{abc}+\dfrac{2b}{abc}=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+\dfrac{2\left(a+b+c\right)}{abc}=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+2=4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}=2\)
\(\Rightarrowđpcm\)
Ta có:
(a+b+c)2=a2+b2+c2
a2+b2+c2+2ab+2ac+2bc=a2+b2+c2
2(ab+bc+ca)=0
ab+bc+ca=0
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{a^3}+\dfrac{1}{b^3}+\dfrac{1}{c^3}=\dfrac{3}{abc}\)
\(\dfrac{a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3}{a^3b^3c^3}=\dfrac{3}{abc}\)
\(\dfrac{a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3}{a^2b^2c^2}=3\)
\(a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3=3a^2b^2c^2\)
\(\left(ab+bc\right)^3-3ab^2c\left(ab+bc\right)+a^3c^3-3a^2b^2c^2=0\)
\(\left(ab+bc+ca\right)^3-3ca\left(ab+bc\right)\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3ab^2c\left(-ac\right)-3a^2b^2c^2=0\)
\(0+3a^2b^2c^2-3a^2b^2c^2+0=0\)
0=0(luôn đúng)
Vậy BĐT được chứng minh
Ta có : \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-a^2-b^2-c^2=0\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca=0\)
\(\Rightarrow a^3b^3+b^3c^3+c^3a^3=3a^2b^2c^2\)
Chia cả 2 vế cho \(a^3b^3c^3\) , ta có :
\(\dfrac{1}{a^3}+\dfrac{1}{b^3}+\dfrac{1}{c^3}=\dfrac{3}{abc}\left(đpcm\right)\)
Có :
\(\left(a^2-bc\right)\left(b-abc\right)=\left(b^2-ac\right)\left(a-abc\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab\left(a-b\right)+c\left(a^2-b^2\right)=abc^2\left(a-b\right)+abc\left(a^2-b^2\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2b-a^3bc-b^2c+ab^2c^2=ab^2-ab^3c-a^2c+a^2bc^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab\left(a-b\right)+c\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)=abc^2\left(a-b\right)+abc\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(ab+ac+bc\right)=abc\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b+c\right)\)
Chia 2 vế cho abc(a-b) khác 0 ta được :
\(\left(ab+ac+bc\right):abc=a+b+c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{ab}{abc}+\dfrac{bc}{abc}+\dfrac{ac}{abc}=a+b+c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=a+b+c\left(đpcm\right)\)
Bài 1)
Vì \(a,b,c\) là ba cạnh của tam giác nên :
\(a+b-c,b+c-a,c+a-b>0\)
Đặt \((a+b-c,b+c-a,c+a-b)=(x,y,z)\Rightarrow (a,b,c)=\left(\frac{x+z}{2},\frac{x+y}{2},\frac{y+z}{2}\right)\)
BĐT cần CM tương đương:
\((x+y)(y+z)(x+z)\geq 8xyz\) với \(x,y,z>0\)
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:
\((x+y)(y+z)(x+z)\geq 2\sqrt{xy}.2\sqrt{yz}.2\sqrt{xz}=8xyz\) (đpcm)
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi \(x=y=z\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)
Bài 2)
Để đề bài chặt chẽ phải bổ sung điều kiện \(a,b,c>0\)
\((a^2+b^2+c^2)^2>2(a^4+b^4+c^4) \Leftrightarrow 2(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2) >a^4+b^4+c^4\)
\(\Leftrightarrow 4a^2b^2>(c^2-a^2-b^2)^2\Leftrightarrow (2ab+a^2+b^2-c^2)(2ab-a^2-b^2+c^2)>0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow [(a+b)^2-c^2][c^2-(a-b)^2]>0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (a+b-c)(a+b+c)(c+b-a)(c+a-b)>0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (a+b-c)(b+c-a)(c+a-b)>0\). Khi đó xảy ra các TH:
+) Cả ba nhân tử \(a+b-c,b+c-a,c+a-b>0\) đồng nghĩa với \(a,b,c\) là ba cạnh tam giác
+ ) Tồn tại một nhân tử nhỏ hơn $0$ sẽ kéo theo bắt buộc phải có thêm một nhân tử nhỏ hơn $0$ nữa. Giả sử \(\left\{\begin{matrix} a+b-c<0\\ b+c-a<0\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow 2b < 0\) (vô lý)
Vậy ta có đpcm
ta có \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=\left(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{b+c}}\sqrt{b+c}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{a+c}}\sqrt{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{a+b}}\sqrt{a+b}\right)^2\)
\(\le\left(\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\right)\left(2a+2b+2c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow VT=\dfrac{a^2}{b+c}+\dfrac{b^2}{a+c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a+b}\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}\left(1\right)\)
lại có : a ,b ,c dương và \(a^2+b^2+c^2=1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}0< a^2< a< 1\\0< b^2< b< 1\\0< c^2< c< 1\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow a+b+c>a^2+b^2+c^2\left(2\right)\)
tu (1) va (2) \(\Rightarrow VT\ge\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}>\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
cái nhức nhối là a>b>c>0 và a2+b2+c2=1 -> khó bt nó rơi ở đâu
1a)\(\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{2}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
b)\(\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{9}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2ac-2bc\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(c^2-2ca+a^2\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
2a)\(a^2+\dfrac{b^2}{4}\ge ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-ab+\dfrac{b^2}{4}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}b\cdot a+\left(\dfrac{1}{2}b\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-\dfrac{1}{2}b\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
b)Đã cm
c)\(a^2+b^2+1\ge ab+a+b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2\ge2ab+2a+2b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(a^2-2a+1\right)+\left(b^2-2b+1\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(a-1\right)^2+\left(b-1\right)^2\ge0\)(luôn đúng)
Dấu bằng xảy ra khi a=b=1
a ) \(a+b+c=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2.0=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=0\)
Do \(a^2\ge0;b^2\ge0;c^2\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge0\)
Dấu " = " xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=0\) ( * )
Thay * vào biểu thức M , ta được :
\(M=\left(0-1\right)^{1999}+0^{2000}+\left(0+1\right)^{2001}\)
\(=-1^{1999}+0+1^{2001}\)
\(=-1+0+1\)
\(=0\)
Vậy \(M=0\)
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{bc}{abc}+\dfrac{ac}{abc}+\dfrac{ab}{abc}=\dfrac{1}{abc}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{bc+ac+ab-1}{abc}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow bc+ac+ab-1=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow bc+ac+ab=1\)
Mà \(a^2+b^2+c^2=1\)
\(\Rightarrow bc+ac+ab=a^2+b^2+c^2\)
\(\Rightarrow2bc+2ac+2ab=2a^2+2b^2+2c^2\)
\(\Rightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2bc-2ac-2ab=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(a^2-2ac+c^2\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2=0\)
Do \(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0;\left(b-c\right)^2\ge0;\left(a-c\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2\ge0\)
Dấu " = " xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)
Mà \(P=\dfrac{a+b}{b+c}+\dfrac{b+c}{c+a}+\dfrac{c+a}{a+b}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=\dfrac{a+b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b+c}{b+c}+\dfrac{a+c}{a+c}\)
\(\Rightarrow P=1+1+1=3\)
Vậy \(P=3\)
Bài 1: \(a+b\ge1\). cm \(a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{1}{8}\)
ta có : \(a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{2}\)(BĐT bunyakovsky)
Áp dụng BĐt bunyakovsky 1 lần nữa:
\(a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{1}{4}=\dfrac{1}{8}\)
dấu = xảy ra khi \(a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Bài 2:
Áp dụng BĐT bunyakovsky dạng đa thức và phân thức:
\(\left(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\right)\left(a+b+c\right)\ge\left(\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\right)^2\ge\left[\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c}\right]^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)
do đó \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\ge a+b+c\)
dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c
Bài 1:
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:
\(\left(1^2+1^2\right)\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge\left(a+b\right)^2=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2\right)\ge1\Rightarrow a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Lại theo Cauchy-Schwarz lần nữa:
\(\left[\left(1^2\right)^2+\left(1^2\right)^2\right]\left[\left(a^2\right)^2+\left(b^2\right)^2\right]\ge\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^4+b^4\right)\ge\dfrac{1}{4}\Leftrightarrow a^4+b^4\ge\dfrac{1}{8}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Bài 2:
Trước tiên ta chứng minh \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\)
Ta chứng minh bổ đề: \(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{b}+a-b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^3+b^3\ge ab\left(a+b\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\left(a+b\right)\ge0\)(đúng)
Viết các BĐT tương tự và cộng lại
\(\dfrac{a^3}{b^2}+\dfrac{b^3}{c^2}+\dfrac{c^3}{a^2}\ge\dfrac{a^2}{b}+a-b+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+b-c+\dfrac{c^2}{a}+c-a=\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\left(1\right)\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz dạng Engel ta có:
\(\dfrac{a^2}{b}+\dfrac{b^2}{c}+\dfrac{c^2}{a}\ge\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{a+b+c}=a+b+c\left(2\right)\)
Từ \((1);(2)\) ta thu được ĐPCM
\(a+\dfrac{1}{b}=b+\dfrac{1}{c}=c+\dfrac{1}{a}\)
\(\Rightarrow a-b=\dfrac{1}{c}-\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{b-c}{bc}\)(1)
\(\Rightarrow b-c=\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{c-a}{ac}\)(2)
\(\Rightarrow c-a=\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}=\dfrac{b-a}{ab}\)(3)
Nhân vế theo vế của (1);(2);(3) ta được :
\(\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(abc\right)^2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)-\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}{\left(abc\right)^2}=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left[1-\dfrac{1}{a^2b^2c^2}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=b=c\\a^2b^2c^2=1\end{matrix}\right.\)(đpcm)
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