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1/ \(4\left(a^2-ab+b^2\right)⋮3\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(2a-b\right)^2+3b^2⋮3\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(2a-b\right)^2⋮3\)
\(\Rightarrow2a-b⋮3\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(2a-b\right)^2⋮9\)
\(\Rightarrow3b^2⋮9\)
\(\Rightarrow b⋮3\)
\(\Rightarrow a⋮3\)
Bài 2 :
\(x^2+xy-2013x-2014y-2015=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+xy-2014x-2014y+x-2014-1=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x^2+xy\right)-\left(2014x+2014y\right)+\left(x-2014\right)=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x\left(x+y\right)-2014\left(x+y\right)+\left(x-2014\right)=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2014\right)\left(x+y\right)+\left(x-2014\right)=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-2014\right)\left(x+y+1\right)=1\)
Vì x, y là số nguyên dương \(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x-2014\inℤ\\x+y+1\inℤ\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)\(x-2014\)và \(x+y+1\)là ước của 1
Lập bảng giá trị ta có:
| \(x-2014\) | \(-1\) | \(1\) |
| \(x+y+1\) | \(-1\) | \(1\) |
| \(x\) | \(2013\) | \(2015\) |
| \(y\) | \(-2015\) | \(-2015\) |
Vậy các cặp giá trị \(\left(x;y\right)\)thỏa mãn đề bài là \(\left(2013;-2015\right)\)hoặc \(\left(2015;-2015\right)\)
\(a+b+c\le\sqrt{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ac\le\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}=1\)
Thay vào M ta có: \(M\le\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+bc+ac}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+ab+bc+ac}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+ab+bc+ac}}\)
\(=\frac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{\left(b+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}}\)
Xét: \(\left(\frac{a}{a+b}+\frac{a}{a+c}\right)^2\ge\frac{4a^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}\Leftrightarrow\frac{a}{a+b}+\frac{a}{a+c}\ge\frac{2a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}\)
Tương tự rồi cộng vế vs vế ta được: \(M\le\frac{\frac{a+b}{a+b}+\frac{b+c}{b+c}+\frac{a+c}{a+c}}{2}=\frac{3}{2}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi a=b=c = \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\)
đặt \(a+b=x,b+c=y;c+a=z\)
ta có \(\frac{1}{x+1}+\frac{1}{y+1}+\frac{1}{z+1}=1\Rightarrow3-\frac{1}{x+1}-\frac{1}{y+1}-\frac{1}{z+1}=1\) \(\)
=> \(\frac{x}{x+1}+\frac{y}{y+1}+\frac{z}{z+1}=1\)
=> \(\frac{y}{y+1}+\frac{z}{z+1}=1-\frac{x}{x+1}=\frac{1}{x+1}\)
Áp dụng bđt cô si ta có \(\frac{y}{y+1}+\frac{z}{z+1}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{yz}{\left(y+1\right)\left(z+1\right)}}\)
=> \(\frac{1}{x+1}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{yz}{\left(y+1\right)\left(z+1\right)}}\)
tương tự ta có
\(\frac{1}{y+1}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{zx}{\left(z+1\right)\left(x+1\right)}}\)
\(\frac{1}{z+1}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{xy}{\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)}}\)
nhân từng vế của 3 bđt cùng chièu ta có
\(\frac{1}{x+1}.\frac{1}{y+1}.\frac{1}{z+1}\ge8\sqrt{\frac{x^2y^2z^2}{\left(x+1\right)^2\left(y+1\right)^2\left(z+1\right)^2}}=8.\frac{xyz}{\left(x+1\right)\left(y+1\right)\left(z+1\right)}\)
=> \(1\ge8xyz\Rightarrow xyz\le\frac{1}{8}\Rightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\le\frac{1}{8}\)
Ta có:
\(a\ge2-b\)
\(\Rightarrow M\le\frac{1}{2-b+b^2}+\frac{1}{\left(2-b\right)^2+b}\)
\(=\frac{2b^2-4b+6}{b^4-4b^3+9b^2-10b+8}\)
\(=1-\frac{\left(b-1\right)^2\left(b^2-2b+2\right)}{b^4-4b^3+9b^2-10b+8}\le1\)
Ta có : \(ab+bc+ca=2abc\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=2\)
Đặt \(\hept{\begin{cases}x=\frac{1}{a}\\y=\frac{1}{b}\\z=\frac{1}{c}\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x+y+z=2\\P=\frac{x^3}{\left(2-x\right)^2}+\frac{y^3}{\left(2-y\right)^3}+\frac{z^3}{\left(2-z\right)^2}\end{cases}}\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz
\(\Rightarrow\frac{x^3}{\left(2-x\right)^2}+\frac{2-x}{8}+\frac{2-x}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3}{64}}=\frac{3x}{4}\)
Tương tự ta có :
\(\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{y^3}{\left(2-y\right)^2}+\frac{2-y}{8}+\frac{2-y}{8}\ge\frac{3y}{4}\\\frac{z^3}{\left(2-z\right)^2}+\frac{2-z}{8}+\frac{2-z}{8}\ge\frac{3z}{8}\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow P+\frac{12-2\left(x+y+z\right)}{8}\ge\frac{3}{4}\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\frac{1}{12}\)
Dấu " = " xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\frac{2}{3}\)
Ta có : \(ab+bc+ca=2abc\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=2\)
Đặt \(\hept{\begin{cases}x=\frac{1}{a}\\y=\frac{1}{b}\\z=\frac{1}{c}\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}x+y+z=2\\P=\frac{x^3}{\left(2-x\right)^2}+\frac{y^3}{\left(2-y\right)^3}+\frac{z^3}{\left(2-z^2\right)}\end{cases}}\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz
\(\Rightarrow\frac{x^3}{\left(2-x\right)^2}+\frac{2-x}{8}+\frac{2-x}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3}{64}}=\frac{3x}{4}\)
Tương tự ta có : \(\hept{\begin{cases}\frac{y^3}{\left(2-y\right)^2}+\frac{2-y}{8}+\frac{2-y}{8}\ge\frac{3y}{4}\\\frac{z^3}{\left(2-z\right)^2}+\frac{2-z}{8}+\frac{2-z}{8}\ge\frac{3z}{8}\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow P+\frac{12-2\left(x+y+z\right)}{8}\ge\frac{3}{4}\left(x+y+z\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\frac{1}{2}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\frac{2}{3}\)
Lời giải:
Từ điều kiện đã cho của $a,b,c$, tồn tại $x,y,z>0$ sao cho:
\((a,b,c)=\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{(x+y)(x+z)}}; \frac{y}{\sqrt{(y+z)(y+x)}}; \frac{z}{\sqrt{(z+x)(z+y)}}\right)\)
Khi đó, áp dụng BĐT Cauchy ta có:
\(M=a+b+c=\frac{x}{\sqrt{(x+y)(x+z)}}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{(y+z)(y+x)}}+\frac{z}{\sqrt{(z+x)(z+y)}}\)
\(\leq \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x}{x+y}+\frac{x}{x+z}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{y}{y+z}+\frac{y}{y+x}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{z}{z+x}+\frac{z}{z+y}\right)\)
hay \(M\leq \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{x+y}{x+y}+\frac{y+z}{y+z}+\frac{z+x}{z+x}\right)=\frac{3}{2}\)
Vậy \(M_{\max}=\frac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow x=y=z\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\frac{1}{2}\)
Cách khác:
Ta có:
\(a^2+b^2+c^2+2abc=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ac)+2abc=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (a+b+c)^2-2(a+b+c)+1=2+2(ab+bc+ac)-2(a+b+c)-2abc\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (a+b+c)^2-2(a+b+c)+1=2[1-(a+b+c)+(ab+bc+ac)-abc]\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (a+b+c)^2-2(a+b+c)+1=2(1-a)(1-b)(1-c)\) (đây là đẳng thức khá quen thuộc)
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy ngược dấu:
\((a+b+c)^2-2(a+b+c)+1=2(1-a)(1-b)(1-c)\leq 2\left(\frac{1-a+1-b+1-c}{3}\right)^3=\frac{2[3-(a+b+c)]^3}{27}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow t^2-2t+1\leq \frac{2(3-t)^3}{27}\) (đặt \(a+b+c=t\))
\(\Leftrightarrow 2t^3+9t^2-27\leq 0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (2t-3)(t+3)^2\leq 0\Rightarrow 2t-3\leq 0\Rightarrow t=M=a+b+c\leq \frac{3}{2}\)
Vậy \(M_{\max}=\frac{3}{2}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=\frac{1}{2}\)