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Ta có :\(a^2+b=b^2+c\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)=c-b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)-\left(a-b\right)=c-b-a+b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b-1\right)=c-a\)
Tương tự \(\hept{\begin{cases}\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c-1\right)=a-b\\\left(a-c\right)\left(a+c-1\right)=c-b\end{cases}}\)
Nhận vế với vế của các đẳng thức trên ta được :
\(\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(a+b-1\right)\left(b+c-1\right)\left(a+c-1\right)=\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a+b-1\right)\left(b+c-1\right)\left(a+c-1\right)=1\)
Vì vai trò bình đẳng của các ẩn \(a,b,c\) là như nhau nên không mất tính tổng quát, ta có thể giả sử:
\(2\ge c>b>a\ge0\) \(\left(\alpha\right)\) (do \(a,b,c\) đôi một khác nhau nên cũng không đồng thời bằng nhau)
Áp dụng bđt \(AM-GM\) cho từng bộ số gồm có các số không âm, ta có:
\(\left(i\right)\) Với \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}>0;\) \(\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]>0\)\(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]+\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}.\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}\ge3-2\left(b-a\right)\) \(\left(1\right)\)
\(\left(ii\right)\) Với \(\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}>0;\) \(\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]>0\)
\(\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]+\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}.\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}\ge3-2\left(c-b\right)\) \(\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(iii\right)\) Với \(\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}>0;\) \(\frac{c-a}{16}>0\)
\(\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}+\frac{c-a}{8}+\frac{c-a}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}.\frac{\left(c-a\right)}{8}.\frac{\left(c-a\right)}{8}}=\frac{3}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge\frac{3}{4}-\frac{c-a}{4}\) \(\left(3\right)\)
Cộng từng vế ba bất đẳng thức \(\left(1\right);\) \(\left(2\right)\) và \(\left(3\right)\) , ta được:
\(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge3-2\left(b-a\right)+3-2\left(c-b\right)+\frac{3}{4}-\frac{c-a}{4}\)
nên \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge\frac{27}{4}-\frac{9\left(c-a\right)}{4}=\frac{27}{4}+\frac{9\left(a-c\right)}{4}\)
Mặt khác, từ \(\left(\alpha\right)\) ta suy ra được: \(\hept{\begin{cases}a\ge0\\2\ge c\end{cases}}\)
nên \(a+2\ge c\) hay nói cách khác \(a-c\ge-2\)
Do đó, \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge\frac{27}{4}+\frac{9.\left(-2\right)}{4}=\frac{9}{4}\)
Dấu \("="\) xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(\hept{\begin{cases}a=0\\b=1\\c=2\end{cases}}\) (thỏa mãn \(\left(\alpha\right)\) )
Vì vai trò bình đẳng của các ẩn \(a,b,c\) là như nhau nên không mất tính tổng quát, ta có thể giả sử:
\(2\ge c>b>a\ge0\) \(\left(\alpha\right)\) (do \(a,b,c\) đôi một khác nhau nên cũng không đồng thời bằng nhau)
Áp dụng bđt \(AM-GM\) cho từng bộ số gồm có các số không âm, ta có:
\(\left(i\right)\) Với \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}>0;\) \(\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]>0\)\(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]+\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}.\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]\left[-\left(a-b\right)\right]}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}\ge3-2\left(b-a\right)\) \(\left(1\right)\)
\(\left(ii\right)\) Với \(\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}>0;\) \(\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]>0\)
\(\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]+\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}.\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]\left[-\left(b-c\right)\right]}=3\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}\ge3-2\left(c-b\right)\) \(\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(iii\right)\) Với \(\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}>0;\) \(\frac{c-a}{16}>0\)
\(\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}+\frac{c-a}{8}+\frac{c-a}{8}\ge3\sqrt[3]{\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}.\frac{\left(c-a\right)}{8}.\frac{\left(c-a\right)}{8}}=\frac{3}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge\frac{3}{4}-\frac{c-a}{4}\) \(\left(3\right)\)
Cộng từng vế ba bất đẳng thức \(\left(1\right);\) \(\left(2\right)\) và \(\left(3\right)\) , ta được:
\(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge3-2\left(b-a\right)+3-2\left(c-b\right)+\frac{3}{4}-\frac{c-a}{4}\)
nên \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge\frac{27}{4}-\frac{9\left(c-a\right)}{4}=\frac{27}{4}+\frac{9\left(a-c\right)}{4}\)
Mặt khác, từ \(\left(\alpha\right)\) ta suy ra được: \(\hept{\begin{cases}a\ge0\\2\ge c\end{cases}}\)
nên \(a+2\ge c\) hay nói cách khác \(a-c\ge-2\)
Do đó, \(\frac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}\ge\frac{27}{4}+\frac{9.\left(-2\right)}{4}=\frac{9}{4}\)
Dấu \("="\) xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(a=0;b=1;c=2\) (thỏa mãn \(\left(\alpha\right)\) )
\(2x^2+2y^2=5xy\Leftrightarrow2x^2+2y^2-5xy=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x-y\right)\left(x-2y\right)=0\Leftrightarrow\orbr{\begin{cases}x=\frac{y}{2}\\x=2y\end{cases}}\)
Mặt khác : x > y > 0 \(\Rightarrow x=2y\)
Ta có : \(E=\frac{x+y}{x-y}=\frac{2y+y}{2y-y}=\frac{3y}{y}=3\)
a) Dễ tự làm đi
b) Xét 1 + a2 = ab + bc + ca + a2
= b(c + a) + a(c + a)
= (c + a)(b + a)
Cmtt ta có : 1 + b2 = (c + b)(a + b)
1 + c2 = (b+c)( a + c)
Do đó : A = \(\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(b+c\right)^2\left(c+a\right)^2}{\left(1+a^2\right)\left(1+b^2\right)\left(1+c^2\right)}\)\(=\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2\left(b+c\right)^2\left(c+a\right)^2}{\left(a+b\right)\left(c+b\right)\left(b+a\right)\left(c+a\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)}\)= 1
Xét a2 + 2bc - 1 = a2 + 2bc - ab - bc - ca
= a2 - ab + bc - ca
= a(a-b) - c(a-b)
= (a-b)(a-c)
Cmtt ta cũng có : b2 + 2ac - 1 = (b-c)(b-a)
c2 + 2ab - 1 = (c-a)(c-b)
Do đó : \(B=\frac{\left(a^2+2bc-1\right)\left(b^2+2ac-1\right)\left(c^2+2ba-1\right)}{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a-b\right)\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(b-a\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(c-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2}\)
= -1
\(\frac{a}{b-c}=-\frac{b}{c-a}-\frac{c}{a-b}=-\frac{b\left(a-b\right)+c\left(c-a\right)}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}\Rightarrow\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)^2}=-\frac{b\left(a-b\right)+c\left(c-a\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-c\right)}\)
sau đó chứng minh tương tự và cộng theo từng vế thôi
Ta có:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2+b=b^2+c\\b^2+c=c^2+a\\a^2+b=c^2+a\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2-b^2=c-b\\b^2-c^2=a-c\\a^2-c^2=a-b\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)=c-b\\\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)=a-c\\\left(a-c\right)\left(a+c\right)=a-b\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=\dfrac{c-b}{a-b}\\b+c=\dfrac{a-c}{b-c}\\a+c=\dfrac{a-b}{a-c}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b-1=\dfrac{c-a}{a-b}\\b+c-1=\dfrac{a-b}{b-c}\\a+c-1=\dfrac{c-b}{a-c}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow T=\left(a+b-1\right)\left(b+c-1\right)\left(a+c-1\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)\left(c-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=1\)
Ta có
\(\frac{a}{b-c}+\frac{b}{c-a}+\frac{c}{a-b}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{a}{b-c}=-\frac{b}{c-a}-\frac{c}{a-b}\\\frac{b}{c-a}=-\frac{a}{b-c}-\frac{c}{a-b}\\\frac{c}{a-b}=-\frac{a}{b-c}-\frac{b}{c-a}\end{matrix}\right.\) (1)
Mà
\(\left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)^2}=\frac{a}{b-c}.\frac{1}{b-c}\\\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)^2}=\frac{b}{c-a}.\frac{1}{c-a}\\\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)^2}=\frac{c}{a-b}.\frac{1}{a-b}\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có : \(\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)^2}+\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)^2}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{a}{b-c}.\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{b}{c-a}.\frac{1}{c-a}+\frac{c}{a-b}.\frac{1}{a-b}=0\)
Thay điều (1) vào biểu thức ta có :
\(\frac{a}{b-c}.\frac{1}{b-c}+\frac{b}{c-a}.\frac{1}{c-a}+\frac{c}{a-b}.\frac{1}{a-b}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(-\frac{b}{c-a}-\frac{c}{a-b}\right).\frac{1}{b-c}+\left(-\frac{a}{b-c}-\frac{c}{a-b}\right).\frac{1}{c-a}+\left(-\frac{a}{b-c}-\frac{b}{c-a}\right).\frac{1}{a-b}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}-\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)\left(c-a\right)}-\frac{a}{\left(b-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}-\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{a}{\left(c-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{c}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{a}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{c}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}-\frac{b}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\frac{b-a}{\left(c-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{c-a}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}-\frac{c-b}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left[\frac{b+a}{\left(c-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\frac{c+a}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\frac{c+b}{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left[\frac{\left(b+a\right)\left(a-b\right)^2\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)^2\left(b-c\right)\left(a-b\right)+\left(c+b\right)\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}{\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2\left(a-b\right)^2}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left\{\frac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left[\left(b+a\right)\left(a-b\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)+\left(b+c\right)\left(b-c\right)\right]}{\left(b-c\right)^2\left(c-a\right)^2\left(a-b\right)^2}\right\}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left[\frac{\left(b+a\right)\left(b-a\right)+\left(c+a\right)\left(c-a\right)+\left(b+c\right)\left(b-c\right)}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left[\frac{\left(a^2-b^2\right)+\left(c^2-a^2\right)+\left(b^2-c^2\right)}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left[\frac{\left(-b^2+b^2\right)+\left(-a^2+a^2\right)+\left(-c^2+c^2\right)}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow-\left[\frac{0}{\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)}\right]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow0=0\) ( đpcm )
\(a^2+b=b^2+c=c^2+a\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a^2+b-b^2-c=0\\b^2+c-c^2-a=0\\c^2+a-a^2-b=0\end{cases}}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a^2-b^2=c-b\\b^2-c^2=a-c\\c^2-a^2=b-a\end{cases}}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}\left(a-b\right)\left(a+b\right)=c-b\\\left(b-c\right)\left(b+c\right)=a-c\\\left(c-a\right)\left(c+a\right)=b-a\end{cases}}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a+b=\frac{c-b}{a-b}\\b+c=\frac{a-c}{b-c}\\c+a=\frac{b-a}{c-a}\end{cases}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a+b-1=\frac{c-a}{a-b}\\b+c-1=\frac{a-b}{b-c}\\c+a-1=\frac{b-c}{c-a}\end{cases}}\)( * )
Thay ( * ) vào T ta được : \(T=\frac{\left(c-a\right)\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(c-a\right)}=1\)
Vậy T = 1