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Lời giải:
a)
Xét hiệu \(\frac{a^3}{b}-(a^2+ab-b^2)=(\frac{a^3}{b}-a^2)-(ab-b^2)\)
\(=\frac{a^3-a^2b}{b}-b(a-b)=\frac{a^2(a-b)}{b}-b(a-b)=(a-b)\left(\frac{a^2}{b}-b\right)\)
\(=(a-b).\frac{a^2-b^2}{b}=\frac{(a-b)^2(a+b)}{b}\geq 0, \forall a,b>0\)
Do đó \(\frac{a^3}{b}\geq a^2+ab-b^2\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b$
b)
Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy cho các số dương:
\(\frac{a^3}{b}+ab\geq 2a^2\)
\(\frac{b^3}{c}+bc\geq 2b^2\)
\(\frac{c^3}{a}+ac\geq 2c^2\)
Cộng theo vế:
\(\Rightarrow \frac{a^3}{b}+\frac{b^3}{c}+\frac{c^3}{a}\geq 2(a^2+b^2+c^2)-(ab+bc+ac)\)
Mà cũng theo BĐT Cauchy:
\(a^2+b^2+c^2=\frac{a^2+b^2}{2}+\frac{b^2+c^2}{2}+\frac{c^2+a^2}{2}\geq \frac{2ab}{2}+\frac{2bc}{2}+\frac{2ca}{2}=ab+bc+ca\)
\( \Rightarrow \frac{a^3}{b}+\frac{b^3}{c}+\frac{c^3}{a}\geq 2(a^2+b^2+c^2)-(ab+bc+ac)\geq 2(ab+bc+ac)-(ab+bc+ac)=ab+bc+ac\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi $a=b=c$
\(2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}\)
Chuyển vế và CM tương tự
Từ a+b+c=6 \(\Rightarrow\)a+b=6-c
Ta có: ab+bc+ac=9\(\Leftrightarrow\)ab+c(a+b)=9
\(\Leftrightarrow\)ab=9-c(a+b)
Mà a+b=6-c (cmt)
\(\Rightarrow\)ab=9-c(6-c)
\(\Rightarrow\)ab=9-6c+c2
Ta có: (b-a)2\(\ge\)0 \(\forall\)b, c
\(\Rightarrow\)b2+a2-2ab\(\ge\)0
\(\Rightarrow\)(b+a)2-4ab\(\ge\)0
\(\Rightarrow\)(a+b)2\(\ge\)4ab
Mà a+b=6-c (cmt)
ab= 9-6c+c2 (cmt)
\(\Rightarrow\)(6-c)2\(\ge\)4(9-6c+c2)
\(\Rightarrow\)36+c2-12c\(\ge\)36-24c+4c2
\(\Rightarrow\)36+c2-12c-36+24c-4c2\(\ge\)0
\(\Rightarrow\)-3c2+12c\(\ge\)0
\(\Rightarrow\)3c2-12c\(\le\)0
\(\Rightarrow\)3c(c-4)\(\le\)0
\(\Rightarrow\)c(c-4)\(\le\)0
\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}c\ge0\\c-4\le0\end{cases}}\)hoặc\(\hept{\begin{cases}c\le0\\c-4\ge0\end{cases}}\)
*\(\hept{\begin{cases}c\ge0\\c-4\le0\end{cases}\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}c\ge0\\c\le4\end{cases}\Leftrightarrow}0\le c\le4}\)
*
a) \(a^2+b^2\ge2ab\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\) (luôn đúng với mọi a,b,c)
b)\(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\ge0\)
\(\Rightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\) (luôn đúng)
Câu a :
Ta có :
\(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2\ge2ab\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi \(a=b\)
Câu b :
\(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(c^2-2ca+a^2\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\) ( đúng )
Dấu = xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
Với mọi a,b,c ta đều có:
\(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0.\)Dấu "=" chỉ xảy ra khi a = b = c.
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ac\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)(1)
a) \(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ac\)nên \(a^2+b^2+c^2=ab+bc+ac\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)đpcm (a)
b) \(\left(1\right)\Leftrightarrow3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2ba+2ac=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)
nên \(3\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)=\left(a+b+c\right)^2\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)đpcm (b)
c) Từ \(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ac\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ac\ge3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\)
nên \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ac\right)\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)đpcm (c).
Ta có:
\(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=4\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2+b^2-2bc+c^2+c^2-2ac+a^2=4a^2+4b^2+4c^2-4ab-4bc-4ac\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ac=4a^2+4b^2+4c^2-4ab-4bc-4ac\)
\(\Leftrightarrow0=2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ac\)
\(\Leftrightarrow0=a^2-2ab+b^2+b^2-2bc+c^2+c^2-2ac+a^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow0=\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\)
Mà \(\left\{\begin{matrix}\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\\\left(b-c\right)^2\ge0\\\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{\begin{matrix}\left(a-b\right)^2=0\\\left(b-c\right)^2=0\\\left(c-a\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{\begin{matrix}a=b\\b=c\\c=a\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow a=b=c\) ( đpcm )
P/s : bài này khá khó nên mình thử thôi !
Không mất tính tổng quát , ta giả sử : \(a\ge b\ge c\)
Đặt \(M=ab+bc+ca-12\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\left(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\right)\)
\(N=a\left(b+c\right)-12\left[a^3+\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\left[a^2\left(b+c\right)^2\right]\)
Ta có : \(ab+ac+bc\ge a\left(b+c\right)\)hay \(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\le a^2\left(b+c\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow M\ge N\)
Tiếp , ta sẽ chứng minh \(N\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a\left(b+c\right)-12\left[a^3+\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\left[a^2\left(b+c\right)^2\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a\left(b+c\right)\left\{1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[a^3+\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\right\}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[a^3\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b+c\right)^3-3a\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[1-3a\left(b+c\right)\right]\ge0\left(1\right)\)
Đặt x = a ; y = b + c ta có : \(x+y=1\Rightarrow xy\le\frac{1}{4}\)
Theo bất đẳng thức AM - GM , ta có :
\(12xy\left(1-3xy\right)\le\frac{1}{4}.12xy\left(4-12xy\right)\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{12xy+4-12xy}{2}\right)^2=1\)
=> Bất đẳng thức ( 1 ) luôn đúng
\(\Rightarrow N\ge0\)
Vậy \(M\ge0\)\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge12\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\left(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\right)\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra với bộ \(\left(\frac{3+\sqrt{3}}{6};\frac{3-\sqrt{3}}{6};0\right)\)và các hoán vị của chúng .
WLOG: \(c=min\left\{a,b,c\right\}\)
Let \(p=a+b+c;ab+bc+ca=q;abc=r\) so p = 1; \(r\ge0\)and \(3\ge q\ge ab\left(\text{vì }c\ge0\right)\)
Need: \(q\ge12\left(p^3-3pq+3r\right)\left(q^2-2pr\right)\)
Have: \(VP=12\left(1-3q+3r\right)\left(q^2-2r\right)=\frac{2}{3}.\left(1-3q+3r\right).18\left(q^2-2r\right)\)
\(\le\frac{1}{6}\left[1-3q+3r+18\left(q^2-2r\right)\right]=\frac{1}{6}\left[18q^2-3q+1-33r\right]\)
\(\le\frac{1}{6}\left(18q^2-3q+1\right)=3q^2-\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{1}{6}\)
Hence, we need to prove: \(q\ge3q^2-\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{1}{6}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3q^2-\frac{3}{2}q+\frac{1}{6}\le0\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{6}\le q\le\frac{1}{3}\)
Which it is obvious because:
\(q=ab+bc+ca\le\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
\(q-\frac{1}{6}=ab+bc+ca-\frac{1}{6}=ab+c-\frac{1}{6}+c\left(a+b-1\right)\)\(=ab-\frac{1}{6}+1-\left(a+b\right)-c\left[1-\left(a+b\right)\right]\)
\(=ab-\frac{1}{6}+\left[1-\left(a+b\right)\right]\left(1-c\right)\ge0\)
Ta có : \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ca=3ab+3bc+3ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2=ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2=2ab+2bc+2ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)
Ta có (a + b + c)2 = 3(ab + bc + ca)
<=> a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = 3ab + 3bc + 3ca
<=> a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = 0
<=> 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 - 2ab - 2bc - 2ca = 0
<=> (a2 - 2ab + b2) + (b2 - 2bc + c2) + (c2 - 2ca + a2) = 0
<=> (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 = 0
<=> \(\hept{\begin{cases}a-b=0\\b-c=0\\c-a=0\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\) (đpcm)