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QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
11 tháng 9 2023

1. surface

2. fossil

3. greenhouse

4. global

5. rain

6. climate

7. sea

8. ice

9. renewable

QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
11 tháng 9 2023

Hướng dẫn dịch:

SỰ NÓNG LÊN TOÀN CẦU

Hồ sơ dữ kiện

Trái đất đang nóng lên. Nhiệt độ bề mặt trung bình hiện nay cao hơn 0,75 ° C so với 100 năm trước.

Khi chúng ta đốt nhiên liệu hóa thạch, chúng thải ra khí nhà kính như carbon dioxide (CO2). Điều này gây ra hiện tượng ấm lên toàn cầu.

Chúng ta đã chặt phá hơn 50% rừng mưa trên Trái đất trong 60 năm qua. Những điều này rất quan trọng vì chúng loại bỏ CO2 khỏi khí quyển và bổ sung oxy. Chúng cũng là nơi sinh sống của hơn một nửa số loài động thực vật trên thế giới.

Một số nhà khoa học tin rằng đến năm 2050, khoảng 35% các loài động thực vật có thể chết vì biến đổi khí hậu.

Mực nước biển đang dâng cao và các chỏm băng ở hai cực đang tan chảy.

Các nhà khoa học nói rằng nhiên liệu hóa thạch như than và khí đốt có thể cạn kiệt vào năm 3000. Vì vậy, chúng ta cần phát triển các giải pháp thay thế, chẳng hạn như năng lượng tái tạo và năng lượng hạt nhân.

2. Read the text and choose the best tittle for it.(Đọc văn bản và chọn tiêu đề hay nhất.)a. Environmental problems: What are they?b. Environmental protection: How important is it?c. Environmental solutions: How practical are they?The environment we live in is facing many serious problems. We need to be aware of these problems so that we can find ways to protect nature.A. Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. It is one of the biggest...
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2. Read the text and choose the best tittle for it.

(Đọc văn bản và chọn tiêu đề hay nhất.)

a. Environmental problems: What are they?

b. Environmental protection: How important is it?

c. Environmental solutions: How practical are they?

The environment we live in is facing many serious problems. We need to be aware of these problems so that we can find ways to protect nature.

A. Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. It is one of the biggest issues facing humans today. It can have serious consequences such as rising sea levels, polar ice melting, and extreme weather events like floods or heatwaves.

B. Another environmental problem is the cutting and clearing of natural forests. The loss of forests can have a negative impact on the environment. It can damage the natural habitats of many animals and put wildlife in danger. It can also destroy the natural soil and lead to climate change.

C. Air pollution is also a serious problem. It is mainly caused by waste gases that come out of vehicles, machines, or factories. When these harmful gases combine with the water in the air, they come down as rain or snow, which can damage all forms of life. In addition, this problem leads to global warming and climate change. It is also a major cause of respiratory diseases or even lung cancer.

D. Around the world, the number of endangered animals is rising. Many of them disappear because of pollution and climate change. In addition, humans illegally hunt and kill animals, and catch too many fish at once. This is upsetting the natural balance of ecosystems, which can be harmful to all living and non-living things.

2
QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
10 tháng 9 2023

Đoạn A nói về vấn đề nóng lên toàn cầu, đoạn B nói về nạn chặn cây phá rừng tự nhiên, đoạn C nói về ô nhiễm không khí, đoạn D nói về sự tuyệt chủng loài. Đây đều là các vấn đề về môi trường => chọn a.

QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
10 tháng 9 2023

Tạm dịch:

a. Các vấn đề về môi trường: Chúng là gì?

b. Bảo vệ môi trường: Nó quan trọng như thế nào?

c. Các giải pháp môi trường: Chúng thực tế như thế nào?

Môi trường chúng ta sống đang phải đối mặt với nhiều vấn đề nghiêm trọng. Chúng ta cần nhận thức rõ những vấn đề này để có thể tìm cách bảo vệ thiên nhiên.

A. Sự nóng lên toàn cầu là sự gia tăng nhiệt độ trung bình của khí quyển trái đất. Đó là một trong những vấn đề lớn nhất mà con người phải đối mặt ngày nay. Nó có thể gây ra những hậu quả nghiêm trọng như mực nước biển dâng cao, băng tan ở hai cực và các hiện tượng thời tiết khắc nghiệt như lũ lụt hoặc sóng nhiệt.

B. Một vấn đề môi trường khác là chặt phá rừng tự nhiên. Việc mất rừng có thể có tác động tiêu cực đến môi trường. Nó có thể làm hư hại môi trường sống tự nhiên của nhiều loài động vật và khiến động vật hoang dã gặp nguy hiểm. Nó cũng có thể phá hủy đất tự nhiên và dẫn đến biến đổi khí hậu.

C. Ô nhiễm không khí cũng là một vấn đề nghiêm trọng. Nguyên nhân chủ yếu là do khí thải từ xe cộ, máy móc hoặc nhà máy. Khi những khí độc hại này kết hợp với nước trong không khí, chúng sẽ tạo thành mưa hoặc tuyết, có thể gây hại cho mọi dạng sống. Ngoài ra, vấn đề này còn dẫn đến hiện tượng nóng lên toàn cầu và biến đổi khí hậu. Nó cũng là nguyên nhân chính gây ra các bệnh về đường hô hấp hay thậm chí là ung thư phổi.

D. Trên khắp thế giới, số lượng các loài động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng đang tăng lên. Nhiều con trong số chúng biến mất vì ô nhiễm và biến đổi khí hậu. Ngoài ra, còn vì con người săn bắt và giết động vật một cách bất hợp pháp và đánh bắt quá nhiều cá cùng một lúc. Điều này đang làm đảo lộn sự cân bằng tự nhiên của các hệ sinh thái, có thể gây hại cho tất cả các sinh vật sống và không sống.

Frogs are amphibians, meaning that they can live both in and out of the water. All frogs lay their eggs in the water, and a female frog will lay thousands of eggs at a time. When the eggs hatch, (1)_____ come out are not frogs but rather tadpoles. Unlike frogs, tadpoles must spend all their time in the (2)_____, being unable to breathe air at this point. Tadpoles also lack arms and legs, and have a tail which they (3)_____ as they develop into frogs. Tadpoles are herbivours, which means that...
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Frogs are amphibians, meaning that they can live both in and out of the water. All frogs lay their eggs in the water, and a female frog will lay thousands of eggs at a time. When the eggs hatch, (1)_____ come out are not frogs but rather tadpoles. Unlike frogs, tadpoles must spend all their time in the (2)_____, being unable to breathe air at this point. Tadpoles also lack arms and legs, and have a tail which they (3)_____ as they develop into frogs. Tadpoles are herbivours, which means that they only eat (4)_____. Specially, tadpoles eat algae, a water plant which can be harmful if there is too much of it. (5)_____, tadpoles are important to keep most ponds healthy.

As tadpoles develop into mature frogs, they develop the lungs which allow them to (6)______ air, and the arms and legs which allow them to move across (7)_____. At this point the mature frogs leave the ponds, (8)_____ some species stay near the water for their entire lives. Mature frogs are carnivores, (9)_____ insects and small fish. Most frogs hunt using their long, sticky tongueto catch their prey. Some species of frogs have developed extremely strong poisons to defend (10)_____ from their other animals.

1
23 tháng 1 2019

Frogs are amphibians, meaning that they can live both in and out of the water. All frogs lay their eggs in the water, and a female frog will lay thousands of eggs at a time. When the eggs hatch, (1)___babies__ come out are not frogs but rather tadpoles. Unlike frogs, tadpoles must spend all their time in the (2)___water__, being unable to breathe air at this point. Tadpoles also lack arms and legs, and have a tail which they (3)___disappear__ as they develop into frogs. Tadpoles are herbivours, which means that they only eat (4)__plants___. Specially, tadpoles eat algae, a water plant which can be harmful if there is too much of it. (5)___Therefore__, tadpoles are important to keep most ponds healthy.

As tadpoles develop into mature frogs, they develop the lungs which allow them to (6)___get___ air, and the arms and legs which allow them to move across (7)___ground __. At this point the mature frogs leave the ponds, (8)__so___ some species stay near the water for their entire lives. Mature frogs are carnivores, (9)__eating___ insects and small fish. Most frogs hunt using their long, sticky tongueto catch their prey. Some species of frogs have developed extremely strong poisons to defend (10)___themselves__ from their other animals.

26 tháng 7 2020

b trước sai nhiều quá nên mình làm lại nhé :3

1. Jasey didn't allow her children to go out in the evening

=> Jasey didn't make her children go out in the evening

2. My mother asked us to complete our exercises before going to bed

=> My mother let us complete our exercises before going to bed

3. Do you enjoy drinking a cup of coffee?

=> Would you like to drink a cup of coffee?

4. We like playing football with our close friends at weekends

=> We want to play football with our close friends at weekends

5. They went out of the restaurant, and he noticed it

=> He noticed them go out of the restaurant

6. The animal moved on my hand, and I felt it

=> I felt the animal move on my hand

7. It is the first time that they have seen a big tiger

=> They have never seen a big tiger before

8.To read his books is very exciting

=> It is very exciting to read his books

9. It is easy to speak to him

=> To speak to him is easy

10. We like playing football with our close friends at weekends

=> We want to play football with our close friends at weekends

11. To meet your parents is very nice

=> It is very nice to meet your parents

12. The house shook violently and all of us felt that

=> All of us felt the house shake violently

25 tháng 7 2020

1. Jasey didn't allow her children to go out in the evening

=> Jasey didn't make her children gone out in the evening.

2. My mother asked us to complete our exercises before going to bed

=> My mother let us complete our exercises before going to bed.

3. Do you enjoy drinking a cup of coffee?

=> Would you like to drink a cup of coffee

4. We like playing football with our close friends at weekends

=> We want to play football with our close friends at weekends.

5. They went out of the restaurant, and he noticed it

=> He noticed they went out of the restaurant.

6. The animal moved on my hand, and I felt it

=> I felt The animal moved on my hand.

7. It is the first time that they have seen a big tiger

=> They haven't seen a big tiger before.

8.To read his books is very exciting

=> It is very exciting to read his books.

9. It is easy to speak to him

=> To speak to him is easy.

10. We like playing football with our close friends at weekends

=> We want to play football with our close friends at weekends.

11. To meet your parents is very nice

=> It is very nice to meet your parents.

12. The house shook violently and all of us felt that

=> All of us

Have you ever entered a tropical rainforest? It’s a special, dark place completely different from anywhere else. A rainforest is a place where the trees grow very tall. Millions of kinds of animals, insects, and plants live in the rainforest. It is hot and humid in a rainforest. It rains a lot in the rainforest, but sometimes you don’t know it’s raining. The trees grow so closely together that rain doesn’t always reach the ground. Rainforests make up only a small part of the...
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Have you ever entered a tropical rainforest? It’s a special, dark place completely different from anywhere else. A rainforest is a place where the trees grow very tall. Millions of kinds of animals, insects, and plants live in the rainforest. It is hot and humid in a rainforest. It rains a lot in the rainforest, but sometimes you don’t know it’s raining. The trees grow so closely together that rain doesn’t always reach the ground.

Rainforests make up only a small part of the Earth’s surface, about six percent. They are found in tropical parts of the world. The largest rainforest in the world is the Amazon in South America. The Amazon covers 1.2 billion acres, or almost five million square kilometers. The second largest rainforest is in Western Africa. There are also rainforests in Central America, Southeast Asia, Northeastern Australia, and the Pacific Islands.

Rainforests provide us with many things. In fact, the Amazon Rainforest is called the “lungs of our planet” because it produces twenty percent of the world’s oxygen. One fifth of the world’s fresh water is also found in the Amazon Rainforest. Furthermore, one half of the world’s species of animals, plants, and insects live in the Earth’s rainforests. Eighty percent of the food we eat first grew in the rainforest. For example, pineapples, bananas, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, chocolate, coffee, and sugar all came from rainforests. Twenty-five percent of the drugs we take when we are sick are made of plants that grow only in rainforests. Some of these drugs are even used to fight and cure cancer. With all the good things we get from rainforests, it’s surprising to find that we are destroying our rainforests. In fact, 1.5 acres, or 6,000 square meters, of rainforest disappear every second. The forests are being cut down to make fields for cows, to harvest the plants, and to clear land for farms. Along with losing countless valuable species, the destruction of rainforests creates many problems worldwide. Destruction of rainforests results in more pollution, less rain, and less oxygen for the world.

Câu 33: What is the focus of this reading?

A. Kinds of forests B. Facts about rainforests

C. Where rainforests are located D. How much oxygen rainforests make

Câu 34: The word “humid” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

A. wet B. cloudy C. foggy D. rainy

Câu 35: Rainforests provide human all of the following EXCEPT?

A. Fresh water B. Oxygen

C. lungs of the world population D. Drugs used to fight and cure cancer

Câu 36: Why is the Amazon Rainforest called the “lungs of the planet”?

A. It helps circulation. B. It provides much of our air.

C. It uses much of the world’s oxygen. D. It helps us breathe.

Câu 37: Where would you NOT find a rainforest?

A. Australia B. South America C. Canada D. Vietnam

Câu 38: The world “all” in paragraph 3 refers to _______.

A. rainforests B. drugs people use C. food people eat D. the world’s species

Câu 39: The word “harvest” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.

A. gather B. reduce C. destroy D. create

Câu 40: What is the most likely reason why the author is surprised that we are destroying rainforests?

A. They are necessary for the health of our planet.

B. It will be too expensive to replant them.

C. It will be too difficult to grow food without them.

D. They are necessary for the fight against cancer.

1
12 tháng 1 2020

33. B

34. A

35. C

36. B

37. D

38. C

39. A

40. A

EX1 :Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For each question 1 -10, mark the correct letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet. Robots can work in places humans can't easily get to. These include deep oceans on distant planets or on sites with bad pollution. Robots are also used in factories (1) ________ they can work more quickly and accurately than a human, and without needing to rest. Improvements in technology over the past 50 years have (2) _______ that...
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EX1 :Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For each question 1 -10, mark the correct letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet.

Robots can work in places humans can't easily get to. These include deep oceans on distant planets or on sites with bad pollution. Robots are also used in factories (1) ________ they can work more quickly and accurately than a human, and without needing to rest. Improvements in technology over the past 50 years have (2) _______ that scientists are now able to create very clever robots. The most complicated of these can make (3) _______ for themselves, learn new things, and deal with problems. However, while robots that look like people are very common in science fiction films, they are very (4) _______ in real life. Making a machine that can balance and move on two legs is a real challenge and is unnecessary for most of the jobs we need robots to do for us. However, a Japanese robot (5)_____ as Asimo does walk on two legs and can even climb up and down stairs.

1. A. unless B. because C. although D. despite

2. A. intended B. supposed C. said D. meant

3. A. results B. decisions C. thoughts D. options

4. A. rare B. thin C. little D. narrow

5.A. called B. known C. named D. said

EX2: Mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSET in meaning to the underline word(s) in each of the following question.

Her father died after he had brought up all of his children.

A. was in the dust

B. was out of this world

C. was the apple of her eyes

D. called it a day

1
2 tháng 6 2019

EX1 :Read the text below and choose the correct word for each space. For each question 1 -10, mark the correct letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet.

Robots can work in places humans can't easily get to. These include deep oceans on distant planets or on sites with bad pollution. Robots are also used in factories (1) ________ they can work more quickly and accurately than a human, and without needing to rest. Improvements in technology over the past 50 years have (2) _______ that scientists are now able to create very clever robots. The most complicated of these can make (3) _______ for themselves, learn new things, and deal with problems. However, while robots that look like people are very common in science fiction films, they are very (4) _______ in real life. Making a machine that can balance and move on two legs is a real challenge and is unnecessary for most of the jobs we need robots to do for us. However, a Japanese robot (5)_____ as Asimo does walk on two legs and can even climb up and down stairs.

1. A. unless B. because C. although D. despite

2. A. intended B. supposed C. said D. meant

3. A. results B. decisions C. thoughts D. options

4. A. rare B. thin C. little D. narrow

5.A. called B. known C. named D. said

EX2: Mark the letter A,B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSET in meaning to the underline word(s) in each of the following question.

Her father died after he had brought up all of his children.

A. was in the dust

B. was out of this world

C. was the apple of her eyes

D. called it a day

11 tháng 7 2019

1. The teacher is Mr Pike. We studied with him last year

-> The teacher is Mr Pike whom we studied with last year.

2.The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it.

-> We are very interested in the problem which has been discussed in class.

3.Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it.

-> Do you see my pen which I have just written the lesson with.

4.I like standing at the windows. I can see the park from this window.

-> I like standing at the windows which I can see the park from.

5.We are crossing the meadow. We flew kites over it in our childhood.

-> We are crossing the meadow which we flew kites over in our childhood.

6.The middle-aged man is the director. My father is talking to him.

-> The middle-aged man whom my father is talking to is the director.

7.The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him.

-> The boy whom you made fun of is my cousin.

8.The woman lives next door to me. You gave place to her on the bus.

-> The woman whom you gave place to on the bus lives next door to me.

9.These children are orphans. She is taking care of these children.

-> She is taking care of these children whom are orphans.

10.This is the result of our work. I'm pleased with it.

-> This is the result of our work which I'm pleased with.

12 tháng 7 2019

#fix:

1. The teacher whom we studied with last year is Mr Pike.

Complete the text with the verbs in brackets and the correct modal form of may, might, must or could. More than one answer may be possible.Did William Shakespeare really exist? If so, did he really write all his plays himself ? These ............ ( seem ) like strange questions to ask about the greatest writer in history. However, some experts believe that one man ............. ( not write ) so many plays and poems on his own. They argue that this was impossible, and say that he .................
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Complete the text with the verbs in brackets and the correct modal form of may, might, must or could. More than one answer may be possible.

Did William Shakespeare really exist? If so, did he really write all his plays himself ? These ............ ( seem ) like strange questions to ask about the greatest writer in history. However, some experts believe that one man ............. ( not write ) so many plays and poems on his own. They argue that this was impossible, and say that he .............. ( have ) help from other writers. There are also historians who believe that the man named William Shakespeare, who lived in Stratford - upon - Avon, was not Shakespeare the writer because he had never been abroad. Therefore, he ............. ( know ) about the places and people described in Shakespreare's plays. Consequently, thay belive that the real Shakespeare ............... ( be ) an aristocrat who had travelled widely. In universities all over the world, academics today are doing more research into Shakespeare's true identity. It .............. ( take ) many years to solve the mystery. On the orther hand, they .............. ( never/ find out ) the truth.

Giúp mk với, mk cần gấp!

 

 

 

 

1
5 tháng 11 2016

seem,doesn't,have to,knows,was,takes,never find out.

Help me PAPER RECYCLING A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world...
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Help me

PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A .......................

2. Paragraph B .......................

3. Paragraph C .......................

4. Paragraph D .......................

5. Paragraph E .......................

1
20 tháng 10 2018

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PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A ...........iii. Collection of paper for recycling............

2. Paragraph B ..........vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper.............

3. Paragraph C ...........iv. Sources of paper for recycling............

4. Paragraph D ............i. Process of paper recycling...........

5. Paragraph E ...........v. Bad sides of paper recycling............