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3Fe+2O2 \(\underrightarrow{t^o}\) Fe3O4 (1)
Ta có:
Hàm \(\Psi\)được gọi là hàm chuẩn hóa nếu: \(\int\Psi.\Psi^{\circledast}d\tau=1hay\int\Psi^2d\tau=1\)
Hàm \(\Psi\)chưa chuẩn hóa là: \(\int\left|\Psi\right|^2d\tau=N\left(N\ne1\right)\)
Để có hàm chuẩn hóa, chia cả 2 vế cho N,ta có:
\(\frac{1}{N}.\int\left|\Psi\right|^2d\tau=1\Rightarrow\frac{1}{N}.\int\Psi.\Psi^{\circledast}d\tau=1\)
Trong đó: \(\Psi=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}.\Psi\)là hàm chuẩn hóa; \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\)là thừa số chuẩn hóa
Ta có:
\(\frac{1}{N}.\int\Psi.\Psi^{\circledast}d\tau=\frac{1}{N}.\int\left|\Psi\right|^2d\tau=1\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{N}.\iiint\left|\Psi\right|^2dxdydz=1\)
Chuyển sang tọa độ cầu, ta có: \(\begin{cases}x=r.\cos\varphi.sin\theta\\y=r.sin\varphi.sin\theta\\z=r.\cos\theta\end{cases}\)với \(\begin{cases}0\le r\le\infty\\0\le\varphi\le2\pi\\0\le\theta\le\pi\end{cases}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{N}.\iiint\left(r.\cos\varphi.sin\theta\right)^2.e^{-\frac{r}{a_o}}.r^2.sin\theta drd\varphi d\theta=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{N}.\int\limits^{\infty}_0r^4.e^{-\frac{r}{a_o}}dr.\int\limits^{2\pi}_0\cos^2\varphi d\varphi.\int\limits^{\pi}_0sin^3\theta d\theta=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{N}.\frac{4!}{\left(\frac{1}{a_o}\right)^5}.\int\limits^{2\pi}_0\frac{\cos\left(2\varphi\right)+1}{2}d\varphi\int\limits^{\pi}_0\frac{3.sin\theta-sin3\theta}{4}d\theta=1\)(do \(\int\limits^{\infty}_0x^n.e^{-a.x}dx=\frac{n!}{a^{n+1}}\))
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{N}.24.a^5_o.\frac{4}{3}.\pi=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{N}=\frac{1}{32.a^5_o.\pi}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)Thừa số chuẩn hóa là: \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{32.a^5_o.\pi}}\); Hàm chuẩn hóa: \(\Psi=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}.\Psi=\sqrt{\frac{1}{32.a^5_o.\pi}}.x.e^{-\frac{r}{2a_o}}\)
áp dụng dk chuẩn hóa hàm sóng. \(\int\psi\psi^{\cdot}d\tau=1.\)
ta có: \(\int N.x.e^{-\frac{r}{2a_0}}.N.x.e^{-\frac{r}{2a_0}}.d\tau=1=N^2.\int_0^{\infty}r^4e^{-\frac{r}{a_0}}dr.\int_0^{\pi}\sin^3\theta d\tau.\int^{2\pi}_0\cos^2\varphi d\varphi=N^2.I_1.I_2.I_3\)
Thấy tích phân I1 có dạng tích phân hàm gamma. \(\int^{+\infty}_0x^ne^{-ax}dx=\int^{+\infty}_0\frac{\left(\left(ax\right)^{n+1-1}e^{-ax}\right)d\left(ax\right)}{a^{n+1}}=\frac{\Gamma\left(n+1\right)!}{a^{n+1}}=\frac{n!}{a^{n+1}}.\)
.áp dụng cho I1 ta được I\(I1=4!.a_0^5=24a^5_0\). tính \(I2=\int_0^{\pi}\sin^3\theta d\theta=\int_0^{\pi}\left(\cos^2-1\right)d\left(\cos\theta\right)=\frac{4}{3}\). tính tp \(I3=\int_0^{2\pi}\cos^2\varphi d\varphi=\int_0^{2\pi}\frac{\left(1-\cos\left(2\varphi\right)\right)}{2}d\varphi=\pi\)
suy ra \(\frac{N^2.24a_0^5.\pi.4}{3}=1\). vậy N=\(N=\frac{1}{\sqrt{32\pi a_0^5}}\). hàm \(\psi\) sau khi chiuẩn hóa có dạng \(\psi=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi32.a_0^5}}x.e^{-\frac{r}{2a_0}}\)
2)CuO + H2 ->Cu + H2O :Đồng(2)oxit + hidro ->đồng + nước
3)Fe3O4 + 4CO -> 3Fe + 4CO2 :oxit sắt từ + cacbonoxit ->sắt + cacbon đioxit
4)Fe + CuCl2 -> Cu + FeCl2 :sắt + đồng(2)clorua ->đồng + sắt(2)clorua
5)CO2 + H2O ->H2CO3 :cacbon đoxit + nước ->axit cacbonic
6)Fe + S -> FeS :sắt + lưu huỳnh -> sắt(2)sulfua
7)Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 ->Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O :nhôm oxit + axit sunfuric ->nhôm sunfat + nước
Các phương trình phản ứng có thể xảy ra như sau:
Al + 3AgNO3 \(\rightarrow\) Al(NO3)3 + 3Ag (1)
0,1/3 0,1 mol
2Al(dư) + 3Cu(NO3)2 \(\rightarrow\) 2Al(NO3)3 + 3Cu (2)
0,2/3 0,1 mol
Zn + Cu(NO3)2 (dư) \(\rightarrow\) Zn(NO3)2 + Cu (3)
0,1 0,1 mol
\(n_{Fe\left(NO_3\right)_3}=0,14mol\)
Đặt \(n_{Fe}=n_{FeO}=n_{Fe_2O_3}=n_{Fe_3O_4}=x\)
\(Fe\rightarrow Fe^{3+}\)
x x
\(FeO\rightarrow Fe^{3+}\)
x x
\(Fe_2O_3\rightarrow2Fe^{3+}\)
x 2x
\(Fe_3O_4\rightarrow3Fe^{3+}\)
x 3x
\(\Rightarrow7x=0,14\Rightarrow x=0,02\Rightarrow m=10,4g\)
a, Ta có:
Hai hàm sóng trực giao nhau khi \(I=\int\psi_{1s}.\psi_{2s}d\psi=0\) \(\Leftrightarrow I=\iiint\psi_{1s}.\psi_{2s}dxdydz=0\)
Chuyển sang tọa độ cầu ta có: \(\begin{cases}x=r.\cos\varphi.sin\theta\\y=r.\sin\varphi.sin\theta\\z=r.\cos\theta\end{cases}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)\(I=\frac{a^3_o}{4.\sqrt{2.\pi}}\int\limits^{\infty}_0\left(2-\frac{r}{a_o}\right).e^{-\frac{3.r}{2.a_o}}.r^2.\sin\theta dr\int\limits^{2\pi}_0d\varphi\int\limits^{\pi}_0d\theta\)
\(=a^3_o.\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}\)(.\(2.\int\limits^{\infty}_0r^2.e^{-\frac{3.r}{2.a_o}}dr-\frac{1}{a_o}.\int\limits^{\infty}_0r^3.e^{-\frac{3.r}{2.a_o}}dr\))
\(=a_o.\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}.\left(2.I_1-\frac{1}{a_o}.I_2\right)\)
Tính \(I_1\):
Đặt \(r^2=u\); \(e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}dr=dV\)
\(\Rightarrow\begin{cases}2.r.dr=du\\-\frac{2a_o}{3}.e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}=V\end{cases}\) \(\Rightarrow I_1=-r^2.\frac{2a_o}{3}.e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}+\frac{4.a_o}{3}.\int\limits^{\infty}_0r.e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}dr\)\(=0+\frac{4a_o}{3}.I_{11}\)
Tính \(I_{11}\):
Đặt r=u; \(e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}dr=dV\)\(\Rightarrow\begin{cases}dr=du\\-\frac{2a_o}{3}.e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}=V\end{cases}\)\(\Rightarrow I_{11}=0+\frac{2a_0}{3}.\int\limits^{\infty}_0e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}dr=\frac{4a^2_o}{9}\)
\(\Rightarrow2.I_1=2.\frac{4a_o}{3}.\frac{4a_o^2}{9}=\frac{32a^3_o}{27}\)
Tính \(I_2\):
Đặt \(r^2=u;e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}dr=dV\) \(\Rightarrow\)\(3r^2dr=du;-\frac{2a_o}{3}.e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}=V\)
\(\Rightarrow I_2=0+2.a_o.\int\limits^{\infty}_0r^2.e^{-\frac{3r}{2a_o}}dr\)\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{a_o}.I_2=2a_o.\frac{16a^3_o}{27}.\frac{1}{a_o}=\frac{32a^3_o}{27}\)
\(\Rightarrow I=a^3_o.\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}}.\left(\frac{32a^3_o}{27}-\frac{32a^3_o}{27}\right)=0\)
Vậy hai hàm sóng này trực giao với nhau.
b,
Xét hàm \(\Psi_{1s}\):
Hàm mật độ sác xuất là: \(D\left(r\right)=\Psi^2_{1s}=\frac{1}{\pi}.a^3_o.e^{-\frac{2r}{a_o}}\)
\(\Rightarrow D'\left(r\right)=-\frac{2.a_o^2}{\pi}.e^{-\frac{2r}{a_o}}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\)Hàm đạt cực đại khi \(r\rightarrow o\) nên hàm sóng có dạng hình cầu.
Xét hàm \(\Psi_{2s}\):
Hàm mật độ sác xuất: \(D\left(r\right)=\Psi_{2s}^2=\frac{a^3_o}{32}.\left(2-\frac{r}{a_o}\right)^2.e^{-\frac{r}{a_0}}\)\(\Rightarrow D'\left(r\right)=\left(2-\frac{r}{a_o}\right).e^{-\frac{r}{a_o}}.\left(-4+\frac{r}{a_o}\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow r=2a_o\Rightarrow D\left(r\right)=0\); \(r=4a_o\Rightarrow D\left(r\right)=\frac{a^3_o}{8}.e^{-4}\)
Vậy hàm đạt cực đại khi \(r=4a_o\), tại \(D\left(r\right)=\frac{a^3_o}{8}.e^{-4}\)
hai hàm trực giao: I=\(\int\)\(\Psi\)*\(\Psi\)d\(\tau\)=0
Ta có: I=\(\int\limits^{ }_x\)\(\int\limits^{ }_y\)\(\int\limits^{ }_z\)\(\Psi\)*\(\Psi\)dxdydz=0
=\(\int\limits^{ }_r\)\(\int\limits^{ }_{\theta}\)\(\int\limits^{ }_{\varphi}\)\(\Psi\)1s\(\Psi\)2sr2sin\(\theta\)drd\(\theta\)d\(\varphi\)
=\(\int\limits^{\infty}_0\)\(\int\limits^{\pi}_0\)\(\int\limits^{2\pi}_0\)(2-\(\frac{r}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0r2sin\(\theta\)drd\(\theta\)d\(\varphi\)
=C.\(\int\limits^{\infty}_0\)(2-\(\frac{r}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0r2dr.\(\int\limits^{\pi}_0\)sin\(\theta\)\(\int\limits^{2\pi}_0\)d\(\varphi\)
với C=\(\frac{1}{4\sqrt{2\pi}}\)a0-3
Xét tích phân: J=\(\int\limits^{\infty}_0\)(2-\(\frac{r}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0r2dr
=\(\int\limits^{\infty}_0\)(2r2- \(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0dr
=\(\int\limits^{\infty}_0\)(2r2- \(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\)).\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)de-3r/a0
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\).((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0\(-\)\(\int\)(4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\))e-3r/adr)
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 - \(\int\)(4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\)).\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)de-3r/a)
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 +\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\).((4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 - \(\int\)(4 - \(\frac{6r}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0dr))
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 +\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\).((4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0- \(\int\)(4 - \(\frac{6r}{a_0}\))\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\).de-3r/a0))
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)(((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 +\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\).((4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0+\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\)((4-\(\frac{6r}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0 + \(\int\)(\(\frac{6}{a_0}\)e-3r/a0dr)))
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)(((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 +\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\).((4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0+\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\)((4-\(\frac{6r}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0 + \(\int\)(\(\frac{6}{a_0}\).\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)de-3r/a0)))
=\(\frac{-2a_0}{3}\)((((2r2-\(\frac{r^3}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0 +\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\).((4r-\(\frac{3r^2}{a_0}\))e-3r/a0+\(\frac{2a_0}{3}\)((4-\(\frac{6r}{a_0}\)).e-3r/a0 - 4.e-3r/a0))))
phương trình dạng toán tử : \(\widehat{H}\)\(\Psi\) = E\(\Psi\)
Toán tử Laplace: \(\bigtriangledown\)2 = \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}\)+ \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\)+\(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\)
thay vào từng bài cụ thể ta có :
a.sin(x+y+z)
\(\bigtriangledown\)2 f(x,y,z) = ( \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}\)+ \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\)+\(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\))sin(x+y+z)
=\(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}\)sin(x+y+z) + \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\)sin(x+y+z) + \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\)sin(x+y+z)
=\(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\)cos(x+y+z) + \(\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\)cos(x+y+z) + \(\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\)cos(x+y+z)
= -3.sin(x+y+z)
\(\Rightarrow\) sin(x+y+z) là hàm riêng. với trị riêng bằng -3.
b.cos(xy+yz+zx)
\(\bigtriangledown\)2 f(x,y,z) = ( \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}\)+ \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\)+\(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\))cos(xy+yz+zx)
=\(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}\)cos(xy+yz+zx) +\(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\)cos(xy+yz+zx) + \(\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\)cos(xy+yz+zx)
=\(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\)(y+z).-sin(xy+yz+zx) + \(\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\)(x+z).-sin(xy+yz+zx) + \(\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\)(y+x).-sin(xy+yz+zx)
=- ((y+z)2cos(xy+yz+zx) + (x+z)2cos(xy+yz+zx) + (y+x)2cos(xy+yz+zx))
=-((y+z)2+ (x+z)2 + (x+z)2).cos(xy+yz+zx)
\(\Rightarrow\) cos(xy+yz+zx) không là hàm riêng của toán tử laplace.
c.exp(x2+y2+z2)
Chọn B