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1.The school in the USA don't wear uniform but the school in VN must wear uniform
| USA | VN |
| Don't have to wear uniform | Have to wear uniform |
| School day starts at 8:30 and ends at 4:00 | school day starts at 7:00 and ends at 11:00 |
| there are no lesson on Saturday | there are lesson on Saturday |
những điều khác biệt giữa trường học Việt nam với trường học Mĩ
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES IN THE US AND VIETNAM
It can be said that the difference between the higher education in the United States and Vietnam stems from the difference between the individualism of European origin in American culture and collectivism from Confucianism Confucian influence in Vietnamese culture.
Compared to total about 4.7 million pupils and students of Universities and Colleges in our country today, the number of about 60,000 students in Vietnam foreign educational institutions (including in Australia has 15,000, with 13,000 in the US, and in France with 7,000) account for only a relatively low percentage. America is the second country in the world with some students from Vietnam studying most. In 2009, Vietnam became the 9th largest country in the world in the number of international students in the US.
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1. The system of higher education in the US democracy and the most advanced in the world. I have 4 technical sessions continuously from 11 am to 5 pm, but only stay 15 minutes to get from the lecture hall to another, eating fast food in the classroom is often the solution to the lunch I. Not only are allowed to eat, but I also can message by mobile or laptop use in class. No story professors call students answered as a punishment when students are thinking somewhere. Our students are debated openly without being judged attitude when he rejected the idea of her.
A very ordinary thing in the US is happy to thank professor when students pointed out inaccuracies in the lectures. I even once even earn points for pointing out the error like that. So understand why American students are very confident style, because they get real encouragement from the teachers every speech, even asking professors to quote just said. In addition to formal classes, teachers often spend about 2 to 4 hours per week so that students can easily exchange or to answer questions in their own office. Students can also learn through each course tutor. These are good students of pre-school classes and pay rent of about $ 9 / hour, 10 hours a week.
Another thing to do for many students it's no surprise the distinction of age in the classroom. I have his classmates in English during the first 28 years and the third year classmates comparable in age probably doubled my lot. Even high school students in the United States did not follow the standard greeting when the teacher stood up walked in and out of class. Students receive test results privately absolute. Without each other, the friend asked no one knows the outcome of one. The school is for learning, not because of his fear of being evaluated friends. In the US, parents only have the right to know the location of their children if they are paying for their child's school.
2. The curriculum at American universities more flexibility in us. Students selected subjects, choosing teachers, and choose according to their own school. I have a girlfriend home from school in an hour's drive up the school put all three classes on the first day of week. I have been surprised when the teacher asked if those who go to work in the classroom more than 200 students the first year, there were 3/4 of my class raised their hands. Even I had her 5 subjects in school you just left for work a 32 hour period a week.
Although students must register in majors since school, but students can change the first two years of study that hardly affect the time of graduation. Literature students select industry can still switch to sectors such audit. In the first 2 years, most of the programs are the same industry. All students regardless of major, whether audit or Literature, must complete a basic program for two years with many subjects in many fields, from the natural sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology ), social sciences (History, Sociology, Politics), English (writing in the research study), to the class like music or theater. Of course, students are entitled to choose their favorite subjects among disciplines group. Undergraduate program is designed for 4 years, but because of coursework, so students can learn many of the two main classes can also learn all three summer to shorten the learning time.
3. Regarding how to teach in American universities, never had he read the game copying status. Teachers lecture or play a slideshow and talk about all these issues. Things to explain more new teachers on the board. Students are able to review the website of teachers to support presentation of self-study process. Timetables are discovered early period, and lectures so dense comply from the first week to the last week. And especially the professor very punctual, they are hardly in the class before school, hard to find lessons that teachers to class late, even for a minute.
4. Another difference is how to assess the students. In the United States in a period, a normal school students 5 goal. Each subject has between 3 and 6 tests, the percentage points are distributed. States with 5 classes last week I always have at least one such test, with up to 4 weeks of tests, the article must be submitted, and presentations in class. In Vietnam, if there is no mid-term test, only a test only at maturity. Thus a student in America must learn continuously, unlike in Vietnam, schedule facilitates students can have free access beginning of the period before the end of semester rush in a few days for the final exam period and also finished. And of course, knowledge is built from basic to post articles as rains improve soil permeability, students will understand the problem with certainty.
Moreover, in addition to the test, I also have to do with subjects quiz online 15 minutes weekly. Or have classes every two weeks with a home network, I have to spend about 4 hours to complete 30-50 multiple-choice questions. Studies in the US, I have to write a lot. Sometimes I have to find a topic and find references in the library. There are nearly 30 pages long article. In particular, students may miss if plagiarism foul, albeit errors in a paper copy.
5. In the United States each university has the opportunity tens to hundreds of students each school not only has several student associations as in Vietnam. If students want to volunteer, you can participate in the volunteer program of many student clubs. There are specialized clubs (such as Finance, Audit, Economics, Chemistry, Information Technology), cultural (national student union and territories), or about entertainment (Photography photos, table Tennis, Chess). Besides there are many extracurricular classes (yoga, Latin dance).
Activities of the club in American universities are very active. Participation in extracurricular activities help me learn many things in the way of communication. Last year, I used to meet the mayor, I am studying in a talk by the student council of the school finance industry organization. New 2 weeks ago, I, along with members are to visit bank branches Frost National Bank in my downtown. During our visit, we were exchanges with the president, vice-president, as well as many heads of departments in banking such as investment, credit, and funds. Even after over two layers of security doors, the students we also see firsthand the bank vault.
BẢN DỊCH NGHĨA
ĐIỂM KHÁC BIỆT GIỮA ĐẠI HỌC Ở MỸ VÀ VIỆT NAM
Có thể nói rằng sự khác nhau giữa giáo dục đại học ở Mỹ và Việt Nam bắt nguồn từ sự khác nhau giữa chủ nghĩa cá nhân có nguồn gốc từ châu Âu trong văn hóa Mỹ và chủ nghĩa tập thể ảnh hưởng từ đạo Khổng Nho trong văn hóa Việt.
So với tổng số khoảng 4,7 triệu học sinh phổ thông và sinh viên các trường Đại học và Cao Đẳng ở nước ta hiện nay thì số lượng khoảng 60.000 du học sinh Việt Nam tại các cơ sở đào tạo nước ngoài (trong đó ở Australia có 15.000, ở Mỹ có 13.000, và ở Pháp có 7.000) chỉ chiếm một tỉ lệ khá thấp. Mỹ là nước thứ hai trên thế giới có số du học sinh Việt Nam theo học nhiều nhất. Năm 2009, Việt Nam trở thành quốc gia đứng thứ 9 trên thế giới về số lượng du học sinh tại Mỹ.
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1. Hệ thống giáo dục đại học ở Mỹ dân chủ và tiên tiến bậc nhất trên thế giới. Tôi có những buổi học 4 môn liên tục từ 11 giờ trưa tới 5 giờ chiều mà chỉ được nghỉ 15 phút để chạy từ giảng đường này sang giảng đường khác, ăn đồ ăn nhanh ở trong lớp thường là giải pháp cho các bữa trưa của tôi. Không những được phép ăn uống, mà tôi còn có thể nhắn tin bằng di động hay dùng máy tính xách tay trong lớp. Không có chuyện giáo sư gọi sinh viên trả lời như một điều trừng phạt khi sinh viên đang suy nghĩ đâu đó. Sinh viên chúng tôi được tranh luận thẳng thắn mà không bị đánh giá thái độ mỗi khi phản bác ý kiến của thầy cô.
Một điều hết sức bình thường ở Mỹ là giáo sư vui vẻ cảm ơn mỗi khi sinh viên chỉ ra điểm sai trong bài giảng. Tôi thậm chí có lần còn được cộng điểm vì chỉ ra được những lỗi như thế. Thế mới hiểu tại sao sinh viên Mỹ có phong cách rất tự tin, vì họ nhận được sự khuyến khích thực sự từ các thầy cô mỗi khi phát biểu, ngay cả việc yêu cầu giáo sư nhắc lại câu vừa mới nói. Ngoài giờ học chính thức, các giáo sư thường dành khoảng 2- 4 tiếng mỗi tuần để sinh viên có thể dễ dàng tới trao đổi hay giải đáp thắc mắc ở văn phòng riêng của họ. Sinh viên cũng có thể học qua gia sư của từng môn học. Đây là những bạn học sinh giỏi của các lớp trước được nhà trường thuê và trả lương khoảng $9/giờ, 10 giờ một tuần.
Một điều khác làm cho nhiều du học sinh bỡ ngỡ đó là không có sự phân biệt về tuổi tác trong lớp học. Tôi có cậu bạn học cùng lớp tiếng Anh trong kỳ đầu tiên 28 tuổi và có những bạn trong lớp năm thứ ba nếu so về số tuổi có lẽ nhiều gấp đôi của tôi. Ngay cả học sinh cấp ba ở Mỹ cũng không tuân theo chuẩn mực đứng lên chào khi thầy cô bước vào và ra khỏi lớp. Sinh viên được nhận kết quả thi tuyệt đối riêng tư. Nếu không hỏi nhau thì bạn bè không ai biết kết quả của ai. Việc học là cho mình chứ không phải học vì nỗi sợ bị bạn bè đánh giá. Ở Mỹ, phụ huynh chỉ có quyền biết điểm của con mình nếu như họ là người đóng tiền học cho con họ.
2. Chương trình học ở đại học Mỹ linh hoạt hơn ở ta. Sinh viên được chọn môn, chọn thầy, và chọn giờ học theo ý mình. Tôi có một cô bạn nhà ở cách trường một tiếng lái xe nên học dồn tất cả các lớp học vào ba ngày đầu tuần. Tôi đã từng bất ngờ khi cô giáo hỏi có những ai đi làm thêm trong giảng đường hơn 200 sinh viên năm thứ nhất, thì có tới 3/4 lớp tôi giơ tay lên. Thậm chí, tôi có cô bạn vừa đi học 5 môn một kỳ vừa đi làm 32 tiếng một tuần.
Mặc dù học sinh phải đăng ký ngành học ngay từ khi vào trường, nhưng sinh viên có thể thay đổi ngành học trong hai năm đầu mà hầu như không ảnh hưởng đến thời gian tốt nghiệp. Sinh viên chọn ngành Văn học vẫn có thể chuyển sang nghành Kiểm toán chẳng hạn. Trong 2 năm đầu tiên, hầu hết chương trình của các ngành đều giống nhau. Tất cả sinh viên bất kể chuyên ngành nào, dù Kiểm toán hay Văn học, đều phải hoàn tất chương trình cơ bản trong hai năm đầu với nhiều môn trên nhiều lĩnh vực, từ khoa học tự nhiên (Toán, Lý, Hóa, Sinh), khoa học xã hội (Lịch sử, Xã hội học, Chính trị), Tiếng Anh (học lối viết trong nghiên cứu), đến các lớp như Âm nhạc hay Sân khấu. Đương nhiên là sinh viên được quyền chọn môn học mình yêu thích trong số những nhóm môn ấy. Chương trình đại học được thiết kế trong vòng 4 năm, nhưng vì học theo tín chỉ nên sinh viên có thể học nhiều lớp trong hai kỳ chính cũng như có thể học cả ba kỳ hè để rút ngắn thời gian học.
3. Về cách dạy ở trường đại học Mỹ, không bao giờ có tình trạng thầy đọc trò chép. Thầy cô trình chiếu bài giảng hoặc phát bài rồi nói về những vấn đề đó. Những điều cần giải thích thêm thầy cô mới ghi lên bảng. Sinh viên có thể lên website của thầy cô xem lại bài trình chiếu để bổ trợ trong quá trình tự học. Thời khóa biểu được phát đầu kỳ, và các bài giảng cứ thế răm rắp tuân thủ theo từ tuần đầu tiên đến tuần cuối cùng. Và đặc biệt các giáo sư rất đúng giờ, hầu như họ đều vào lớp trước giờ học, khó có thể tìm được buổi học nào mà thầy cô lên lớp muộn, dù là chỉ một phút.
4. Điều khác biệt nữa là cách thức đánh giá sinh viên. Ở Mỹ trong một kỳ, một sinh viên thông thường học 5 môn. Mỗi môn có từ 3 đến 6 bài kiểm tra, với phần trăm điểm được phân bố. Kỳ vừa rồi với 5 lớp học, tuần nào tôi cũng có ít nhất một bài kiểm tra như thế, có tuần có tới 4 bài kiểm tra, bài viết phải nộp, và bài thuyết trình trên lớp. Còn ở Việt Nam, nếu như không có kiểm tra giữa kỳ thì chỉ có duy nhất một bài kiểm tra cuối kỳ. Như vậy là sinh viên ở Mỹ phải học liên tục, chứ không như ở Việt Nam, lịch thi tạo điều kiện cho sinh viên có thể thong dong đầu kỳ rồi cuối kỳ học gấp rút trong vài ba ngày cho bài thi cuối kỳ rồi cũng xong. Và tất nhiên, kiến thức được xây dựng từ bài cơ bản đến bài nâng cao như mưa dầm thấm đất, sinh viên sẽ nắm được vấn đề một cách chắc chắn.
Hơn nữa, ngoài các bài kiểm tra, có môn tôi còn phải làm bài trắc nghiệm trong vòng 15 phút trên mạng hàng tuần. Hay có lớp cứ hai tuần có một bài về nhà trên mạng, tôi lại phải dành ra khoảng 4 tiếng để hoàn thành 30-50 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm. Học ở Mỹ, tôi phải viết rất nhiều. Nhiều khi tôi phải tự tìm chủ đề và tìm tài liệu tham khảo trong thư viện. Có những bài dài đến gần 30 trang. Đặc biệt, sinh viên có thể bị đánh trượt nếu phạm lỗi đạo văn, dù chỉ là lỗi sao chép trong một bài luận.
5. Ở Mỹ mỗi trường đại học có cả hàng chục đến cả trăm hội sinh viên chứ không phải mỗi trường chỉ có một vài hội sinh viên như ở Việt Nam. Nếu sinh viên muốn tham gia tình nguyện thì có thể tham gia chương trình tình nguyện của rất nhiều câu lạc bộ sinh viên. Có câu lạc bộ về chuyên nghành (như Tài chính, Kiểm toán, Kinh tế học, Hóa học, Công nghệ thông tin), về văn hóa (hội sinh viên các quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ), hay về giải trí (Nhiếp ảnh, Bóng bàn, Cờ vua). Bên cạnh đó có rất nhiều lớp học ngoại khóa (Yoga, nhảy Latin).
Hoạt động của các câu lạc bộ trong trường đại học Mỹ rất năng động. Tham gia hoạt động ngoại khóa giúp tôi học hỏi nhiều điều trong cách giao tiếp. Năm ngoái, tôi từng được gặp thị trưởng thành phố tôi đang học trong một buổi trò chuyện do hội sinh viên nghành Tài chính của trường tổ chức. Mới cách đây 2 tuần, tôi lại cùng với thành viên hội này được đến thăm quan chi nhánh ngân hàng Frost National Bank ở trung tâm thành phố của tôi. Trong buổi đó, chúng tôi được giao lưu với chủ tịch, phó chủ tịch, cũng như nhiều trưởng các bộ phận trong ngân hàng như đầu tư, tín dụng, và quỹ. Thậm chí, sau khi qua hai lớp cửa an toàn, những sinh viên chúng tôi còn được tận mắt nhìn thấy kho tiền của ngân hàng
1. The system of higher education in the US democracy and the most advanced in the world. I have 4 technical sessions continuously from 11 am to 5 pm, but only stay 15 minutes to get from the lecture hall to another, eating fast food in the classroom is often the solution to the lunch I. Not only are allowed to eat, but I also can message by mobile or laptop use in class. No story professors call students answered as a punishment when students are thinking somewhere. Our students are debated openly without being judged attitude when he rejected the idea of her.
A very ordinary thing in the US is happy to thank professor when students pointed out inaccuracies in the lectures. I even once even earn points for pointing out the error like that. So understand why American students are very confident style, because they get real encouragement from the teachers every speech, even asking professors to quote just said. In addition to formal classes, teachers often spend about 2 to 4 hours per week so that students can easily exchange or to answer questions in their own office. Students can also learn through each course tutor. These are good students of pre-school classes and pay rent of about $ 9 / hour, 10 hours a week.
Another thing to do for many students it's no surprise the distinction of age in the classroom. I have his classmates in English during the first 28 years and the third year classmates comparable in age probably doubled my lot. Even high school students in the United States did not follow the standard greeting when the teacher stood up walked in and out of class. Students receive test results privately absolute. Without each other, the friend asked no one knows the outcome of one. The school is for learning, not because of his fear of being evaluated friends. In the US, parents only have the right to know the location of their children if they are paying for their child's school.
2. The curriculum at American universities more flexibility in us. Students selected subjects, choosing teachers, and choose according to their own school. I have a girlfriend home from school in an hour's drive up the school put all three classes on the first day of week. I have been surprised when the teacher asked if those who go to work in the classroom more than 200 students the first year, there were 3/4 of my class raised their hands. Even I had her 5 subjects in school you just left for work a 32 hour period a week.
Although students must register in majors since school, but students can change the first two years of study that hardly affect the time of graduation. Literature students select industry can still switch to sectors such audit. In the first 2 years, most of the programs are the same industry. All students regardless of major, whether audit or Literature, must complete a basic program for two years with many subjects in many fields, from the natural sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology ), social sciences (History, Sociology, Politics), English (writing in the research study), to the class like music or theater. Of course, students are entitled to choose their favorite subjects among disciplines group. Undergraduate program is designed for 4 years, but because of coursework, so students can learn many of the two main classes can also learn all three summer to shorten the learning time.
3. Regarding how to teach in American universities, never had he read the game copying status. Teachers lecture or play a slideshow and talk about all these issues. Things to explain more new teachers on the board. Students are able to review the website of teachers to support presentation of self-study process. Timetables are discovered early period, and lectures so dense comply from the first week to the last week. And especially the professor very punctual, they are hardly in the class before school, hard to find lessons that teachers to class late, even for a minute.
4. Another difference is how to assess the students. In the United States in a period, a normal school students 5 goal. Each subject has between 3 and 6 tests, the percentage points are distributed. States with 5 classes last week I always have at least one such test, with up to 4 weeks of tests, the article must be submitted, and presentations in class. In Vietnam, if there is no mid-term test, only a test only at maturity. Thus a student in America must learn continuously, unlike in Vietnam, schedule facilitates students can have free access beginning of the period before the end of semester rush in a few days for the final exam period and also finished. And of course, knowledge is built from basic to post articles as rains improve soil permeability, students will understand the problem with certainty.
Moreover, in addition to the test, I also have to do with subjects quiz online 15 minutes weekly. Or have classes every two weeks with a home network, I have to spend about 4 hours to complete 30-50 multiple-choice questions. Studies in the US, I have to write a lot. Sometimes I have to find a topic and find references in the library. There are nearly 30 pages long article. In particular, students may miss if plagiarism foul, albeit errors in a paper copy.
5. In the United States each university has the opportunity tens to hundreds of students each school not only has several student associations as in Vietnam. If students want to volunteer, you can participate in the volunteer program of many student clubs. There are specialized clubs (such as Finance, Audit, Economics, Chemistry, Information Technology), cultural (national student union and territories), or about entertainment (Photography photos, table Tennis, Chess). Besides there are many extracurricular classes (yoga, Latin dance).
Activities of the club in American universities are very active. Participation in extracurricular activities help me learn many things in the way of communication. Last year, I used to meet the mayor, I am studying in a talk by the student council of the school finance industry organization. New 2 weeks ago, I, along with members are to visit bank branches Frost National Bank in my downtown. During our visit, we were exchanges with the president, vice-president, as well as many heads of departments in banking such as investment, credit, and funds. Even after over two layers of security doors, the students we also see firsthand the bank's vault.
Hello everyone, my name is Quynh Anh. I am twelve years old. I am from Ngoc Thanh Village, Kim Dong district, Hung Yen province. Today, I am very happy to tell you about my school. My school is Le Quy Don. It is in Luong Bang town, Kim Dong district, Hung Yen province. It is very beautiful and big. There are twelve classrooms and eight function rooms in my shool. My school has five hundred and twenty-five students and thirty-two teachers. Students in my school are very good. They come from around Kim Dong district. Our teachers teach very well. At school, I learn many subject such as : Math, Literature, English, Art, Music,...In Math lessons, I learn how to count. In English classes, I learn how to speak English. In Music lessons, I sing songs. In Art classes, I draw pictures. So on...In all subject, I like English best because it's very interesting and important for me. At breaks, I have a lots activities : skipping rope, hiding and seeking, chatting with friends, so on...Each day at school is a happy day. I love my school very much.
cô mình bảo là dựa theo bài Schools in the USA để viết bài này bạn ơi
With the policy of choosing Confucianism as the polial ideology of the state, in 1075, the king gave the first examination to select talents: In the reign of King Ly Nhan Tong (1076), the king allowed to build more Quoc Tu Giam. , this is considered to be the first university of our country.In the Tran dynasty, Quoc Tu Giam was called the National Institute of National Science. In the Temple of Literature there is Khue Van Cac (Sao Khue is the star of literature). The examination was first organized in 1075 under King Ly Nhan Tong to the final examination in the reign of Le Chieu Thong (1787). When newly established, the school was named Quoc Tu Giam. In 1236, the name was changed to Quốc Tử Viện and Quốc Học Academy. In the Le Dynasty, it was called Thai Academy. Regardless of its name, Quoc Tu Giam was the highest educational level in the feudal period, directly organized and administered by the court. Quoc Tu Giam's mission is to train scholars, build talents, appoint the school's students to the court to supplement the mandarins. The king personally chose the mandarin's descendants and the handsome civilians to be the students. There are two ways to nominate mandarins to get people with honor (exam) to get more talented people than people without base on the title (election). Historian Pham Huy Chu remarked: "At that time, it was prudent and the law school was so strict that no one dared to nominate the natural resources and the titles were worthy". Therefore, Quoc Tu Giam has fulfilled its responsibility to recruit talents for the country. -
#Châu's ngốc
Van Mieu (The Temple of Literature) was constructed in 1070 during Ly Thanh Tong's dynasty. Its original purpose was to honor Confucius. In 1076, the first university of Vietnam called Quoc Tu Giam (The Imperial Academy), was established within this temple by Emperor Ly Nhan Tong. That's the reason why the complex has the name of Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam up to now. Initially, Quoc Tu Giam was the school for princes and children of royal families and then expanded in the following year to admit top students from around the country.
Nowadays, Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam is one of the most famous tourist destinations for both Vietnamese people and foreigners. It's also a place to celebrate doctorates and high ranking scholars of Vietnam. One special thing about this place is that there are 82 Doctors' stone tablets. They are tombstones with names and origins of 1304 doctors placed on the backs of stone tortoises. If you come here at the beginning of the year or in May, when many important examinations take place, you will catch sights of numerous families and students who come and pray for luck.
Van Mieu – Quoc Tu Giam opens daily from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. and the entrance fee for each adult is 30,000 VND.
When you visit Viet Nam, you should visit the temple of literature-the Imperial Academy.
The temple of literature was built in 1070 by Emperor Ly Thanh Tong. It's one of the most historic and cultural sites of Viet Nam. Beside the temple of literature is the Imperial Academy. It was founded in 1076 by the Emperor Ly Nhan Tong. It's the first university in Viet Nam. Many kings, Emperors and scholars worked to develop the university. One of the most famous teachers in the Imperial Academy is Chu Van An(1292-1370). He was born in Thanh Tri district. He taught many tallented and sucessfull students for the nation.
In the temple of literature, there are 82 doctors' stone tablets. It was founded by Emperor Le Thanh Tong in 1484. In 2010, it was recognised by UNESCO . The most special about the temple of literature is 4 statues (Chu Van An, Ly Thanh Tong,Ly Nhan Tong and Le Thanh Tong). It's the represent of the founders and developers of the temple of literature.
a: what should we talk about today?
b:Let me see.What about The Imperial Academy?
a:It is a good idea.um.you first,c
c.ok. Long ago, in the year 1070 there were no universities in Vietnam. So in 1076, emperor Ly Nhan Tong decided to build 1:It is considered the first university in vietnam. The university was a great success and thousands of Vietnamese scholars gradueted from this university.
d:me!Me!There are Van Mieu Gate, Gate of great success, and Khue Van Pavilion, and there are 5 courtyards.
a:As far as i know :The third courtyard consists of Thien Quang tinh Well and the doctors' stone tablets.The next courtyard is the Temple of Literature. it also contains offices, gifts shops, and a small museums. The buildings in the last courtyard were nearly rebuilt.
b:Great.Do you know Chu Van An? He as born in 1292, in Thanh Tri District, Hanoi. He passed the royal examanation. He became a teacher at the Imperial Academy. For the rest of his life, Chu Van An continues his teaching career and wrote boooks. He died in 1370.
d:And in mordern time ,it continues to grow and receive recognotion. In 2003, four statues (Chu Van An, Ly Thanh Tong, Le Thanh Tong, Ly Nhan Tong) were built. In 2010, the 82 doctors' stone tablets were recognised bu UNESCO
Âm nhạc và Mĩ thuật sao lại có hại nhỉ!?
Có hại thì đưa vào học tập, giáo dục làm gì :))
The motorbikes whizz past as you step out onto the busy street in the middle of the Vietnamese capital. The old wisdom of looking and waiting before crossing a road does not apply here in Hanoi and you have adapted to the best local method of getting across to the other side. The secret is to just go. If you hesitate, you are finished. Wave after wave of motorbikes scoot around you. By keeping a slow, but steady pace without looking or flinching, you safely make it to the other side. In Vietnam, the rules are different, especially in the northern centre of power, Hanoi. The city is a mix of modern concrete, crumbling French colonial buildings and some ancient temples that have withstood multiple wars and changes of regime. Having crossed the road, you find yourself on an island of green nestled between four roads. This is one of the ancient bastions of Vietnamese heritage, albeit one influenced by Imperial China. By a gateway into a compound you stand by a stone that instructs those on horseback to dismount out of respect. This is a sure sign that you are at a Confucian temple. The complex that lies before you is Văn Miếu – Quốc Tử Giám, commonly called, the Temple of Literature.
Văn Miếu is the Temple of Literature, but Quốc Tử Giám is the Imperial Academy. Dedicated to Khổng Tử, the temple can trace its origins to 1070 CE, during the reign of King Lý Thánh Tông. Six years later, Quốc Tử Giám opened in order to provide quan (mandarins) for the imperial bureaucracy, as well as to provide education to the Vietnamese elite. The academy was active from 1076 until the Nguyễn dynasty moved the capital from Thăng Long (Hanoi) to Huế in 1802. The temple and academy underwent various renovations and regulation changes over the years, notably during the Trần dynasty (1225 – 1400) and the Lê dynasty (1428 – 1788). Declared a Monument Historique in 1906 by the French administration and restored by the École française d’Extrême-Orient in 1920, the academy was destroyed by French cannons during the First Indochina War in 1947.
The Temple complex shows the heavy influence of China who dominated and ruled Vietnam four times in its history. The majority of the period 111 BCE to 938 CE saw Vietnam under the yoke of China, leaving an indelible cultural mark on the country. By the time Lý Thánh Tông built the temple, Confucian ideology was already well established in Vietnam. The construction of a temple, emulating the one in Confucius’ hometown of Qūfù in Shandong, China was a sign that the Lý dynasty wanted to add legitimacy to their rule. China successfully exported Confucianism to other neighbouring countries, but it took a hold in Vietnam earlier than in Korea and Japan. The temple is the oldest Confucian temple outside of China, predating Munmyo in Seoul by more than 300 years. The proximity of the imperial academy to the temple is much like the Beijing Confucius Temple and Imperial Academy that is more than 200 years younger than Văn Miếu.
The temple follows a standard Confucian layout and on the opposite side of the street from where you now stand is the vestige of Văn Hồ. This is the normal feature at the beginning of the south to north axis of a Confucius temple. The lake is somewhat rustic and not as well regimented as those at other temples. Where you stand now is next to four pillars marking the entrance to the main compound. The two central pillars rise higher than those on either side. These are the Vietnamese style version of the simple gates found in Chinese Confucian temples. In China, there are crossbeams connecting the columns, but here, the square pillars stand independent of each other.
Passing through, you arrive at the first actual gateway of the precinct. The Văn Miếu Môn, known as the Great Portico in English, is the main temple gate. The current gate dates from 1888 in the reign of Emperor Khải Định of the Nguyễn dynasty. Built in a typical Vietnamese style, it is similar to entrance gates at Buddhist and folk religion temples. Reliefs of a tiger and a dragon flank the main doorway and the second level holds a bronze bell that used to be sounded when a notable person entered the temple. There were originally two stelae on the second level that have now disappeared. Passing through the gate, you enter into the first courtyard and note that three paths lie before you. The central path was used by the ruler and the bell in the gate signifies this. The two smaller doors of the Great Portico are the beginning of the other two paths. The path on the left was for civil mandarins, whereas the one on the right was for military administrators. This three path system is typical of Chinese Confucian temples, but normally the central path is to be used only by those who placed first in the Imperial Examinations . In Vietnam, the examination system was similar and after passing various levels of local examination, a top candidate could sit the Thi Đình.
While the two side paths lead to the Đạt Tài Môn and Thành Đức Môn, you follow the royal path to the Đại Trung Môn. This simple gate is classically Vietnamese, with no doors and a completely open front and back supported by red wooden columns. It has a flush gable and fits with the staid atmosphere typical of a Confucian temple. Passing through, you see a structure that is quite the opposite style at the other end of the second courtyard. The three paths continue and the next two side gates are the Cửa Bi Văn and Cửa Súc Văn . Maintaining your regal beeline, you head down the middle to the most iconic structure of the entire complex.
The Khuê Văn Các is a unique structure that is instantly recognizable. Not a large structure, the pavilion, which acts as a gate, is a two storey structure built in 1805 during the reign of Gia Long, the first Nguyễn emperor shortly after he moved the capital from Hanoi to Huế. It was actually built by General Nguyễn Văn Thành, a controversial figure whose family fell out of favour with the emperor, leading to executions and Nguyễn Văn Thành’s suicide. Four square, whitewashed brick pillars support a red wooden pavilion with an elaborate terracotta tiled roof. A symbol of Hanoi, the most famous features of the building are the two circular windows that have spoke-like slats radiating from a central circle to the square frame. The design represents the Constellation of Literature and the light shining from it. The circle is also heaven to the square earth.
Exiting on the other side of the pavilion, you find yourself in a different space. The previous two courtyards have been green spaces with grass and shrubs, the third courtyard is centred around the Thiên Quang Tỉnh. The murky green water of the pond fails to live up to its name, but the square pool fills the majority of the courtyard. In another play on heaven and earth, the circular design of the Khuê Văn Các and the square pond show the two converging on this place of excellence in learning. On both sides of the well are Stelae Pavilions. Restored at later points, they house the 82 remaining stelae of the 116 originals that were first erected by King Lê Thánh Tông in 1484 and added to until 1779. The stones display the names of those who passed the royal court examinations from 1442 onwards.
Walking among the stone rows, you see that each stele is placed on the back of a stone tortoise, representing longevity. The stones, known as doctorate stelae, were mostly blank when erected, but over the subsequent 550 years, the names of the successful were recorded for eternity. The highest level of scholar was a trạng nguyên, the first place scholar. Over the almost 1000 year history of the examinations, only 55 people attained the rank of trạng nguyên in the triennial court exams. The first was awarded to Lê Văn Thịnh in the 11th century. The system changed in the 1247 to allowing for three ranks, adding the new bảng nhãn and thám hoa titles. All other successful candidates were given the title of tiến sĩ. The system was finally abolished by the French in 1913, ending a millennium of Vietnamese educational heritage.
As you wander through the pavilions, you get a sense of the weight of history that is held by the bricks and mortar of the temple and university. Hundreds of young Vietnamese men who devoted their live to study and bureaucracy also trod where your feet now stand. Following their route, you approach the Đại Thành Môn. To the left and right of the gate are the Kim Thanh môn and the Ngọc Chấn Môn. Just like the Kǒng Miào in Qūfù and the Confucius Temple in Taipei, the golden sound is a reference to a bronze bell and the jade vibration to a stone chime used in classic Confucian ritual music. The famous Confucian scholar Mencius, known as Mạnh Tử in Vietnamese, said ‘start with the bell and end with the chime and the music will be perfect’. He was actually speaking about the necessity of clear and instructive teaching in a good lesson. The Đại Thành Môn was built during the reign of Lý Thánh Tông, making it one of the earliest structures of the temple and this is reflected in the simple style of the gate. On its other side, you reach the fourth courtyard of the temple.
From the middle of the courtyard, you note two side halls that now function as gift shops. These were originally halls that held tablets honouring the 72 disciples of Confucius. These can be found in almost all major Confucian temples. The modern need of a place to sell trinkets has supplanted the original use and Vietnamese school children run about happily trying to buy small education based souvenirs. Ahead of you is the most important pair of buildings in the complex. The first is the Đại Bái Đường . This building functioned as a place to perform the rites that Confucius was so fond of propounding. The hall is quite narrow and when you step inside, you immediately note a set of lacquered and intricately styled offering tables. The central one takes your fancy and you walk over to inspect it. It is tall and looks somewhat like a chest of drawers. On its top surface, various offerings have been laid out, including paper pineapples. To either side of the furniture are a pair of bronze cranes on the back of tortoises. These common images in Vietnamese temples are deeply symbolic. The tortoise, representing both heaven and earth, is a symbol of longevity and perfection. The crane is emblematic of longevity also and believed to live a thousand years. In addition to the ten thousand years of the turtle’s life, this is a powerful symbol that embodies the idiom ‘May you be remembered for one thousand years and your cult endure for ten thousand years’. The cult of Confucius has not yet reached that figure, but has so far endured for two and a half millennia.
Exiting the Đại Bái Đường, you are in a small gap that separates it from the Thượng Điện. This is the main shrine hall of the temple and in the centre you find Khổng Tử himself. The painted and lacquered statue depicts the Chinese philosopher as an elderly bearded man with fair skin. He is not as ugly as he is in native Chinese statues of him. The sage, who preached a return to the golden era of wise kings, the value of learning, respect of the rites and traditional hierarchy based on merit, looks out with a serenely from between bunches of devotional flowers. The lacquered statue made in 1729 is a work of Vietnamese artisanry that is echoed in the four companion statues of the hall. The sage is joined by Nhan Uyên , Tăng Sâm, Tử Tư, and Mạnh Tử. Collectively they are known as the Four Sages. Yán Huí was the favourite disciple of Confucius, Zēngzǐ wrote the Great Learning (one of the Four Books) and taught Confucius’ grandson Zǐsī, who wrote the Doctrine of the Mean (another of the Four Books). Mèngzǐ lived two hundred years after Confucius and wrote the Mencius. He is considered to be the second most important Confucian after Confucius himself.
After some time with the men of learning, you head out through the Thái Học Môn and into the fifth courtyard. Also called the Thai Hoc Courtyard, it is the traditional home of the Quốc Tử Giám , known as the Thái Học Viện during the Lê dynasty (1428 – 1788 CE). This entire area you are surrounded by is a reconstruction from the year 2000, as the original was destroyed by the French in 1946. Their artillery tore down, among other buildings, the Đền Khải Thánh, a shrine built to honour the parents of Confucius Thúc Lương Ngột and Nhan Thị. The shrine sat amidst the academy buildings that saw the educated echelons of Vietnamese society through their education for hundreds of years. While originally only for royals and nobles, in 1253, in the reign of King Trần Thái Tông, Quốc Tử Giám opened to commoners as well as the elite.
Being a Confucian academy, the main focus of study at Quốc Tử Giám was the Tứ Thư and Ngũ Kinh. The Four Books are the Đại Học, Trung Dung, Luận Ngữ and the Mạnh Tử . Three were written by three of the Four Sages, but the Analects was collectively put together by the disciples of Confucius after his death to record his sayings. The Five Classics are pre-Confucian Chinese classics promoted by Confucius. These are the Kinh Thi , Kinh Thư , Kinh Lễ , Kinh Dịch and the Kinh Xuân Thu. The I Ching is the oldest of the Classics and could be up to three thousand years old.
Returning to the present, you gaze over at the two new buildings across the court. They are homogenous with the rest of the temple and the architects and builders have done a good job of melding them with the older structures of Văn Miếu. Passing quickly through the Tiền Ðường , you see various exhibits and displays about Vietnamese achievements. You soon come to the Hậu Ðường . This two storey structure is built to honour those who made the academy great. The chamber on the ground floor greets you with a statue of Chu Văn An, a famous rector of the academy and teacher of Emperor Trần Hiến Tông. Ascending to the upper floor, you find statues of the three most important emperors concerned with Văn Miếu and Quốc Tử Giám. Lý Thánh Tông founded the Temple of Literature in 1070, Lý Nhân Tông founded the Imperial Academy in 1076 and Lê Thánh Tông erected the doctorate stelae in 1484. Rightly honoured in the highest chamber of the complex, these three men had a profound influence over Vietnam and its values of education.
Leaving the buildings, you glance briefly at the drum and bell at the back of the complex. These enormous instruments show the high esteem that is held for the temple and academy by the people and government of Vietnam. As you stroll back through Quốc Tử Giám and Văn Miếu, you reflect upon the simple majesty of the Temple of Literature and its grounds. The history of the temple and academy is still profoundly present in Hanoi. The emphasis placed on education today is stronger even than during the active years of the academy. In modern Vietnam education can open more doors than just those at the Temple of Literature. Without Văn Miếu and Quốc Tử Giám, the story might be different. The temple and its academic counterpart have emblazoned themselves on the national psyche and laid the road for thousands of students to walk down.
I would like to give a huge heartfelt thank you to my close friend and proud Hanoian Hieu Trung Tran. Most of the photographs featured in this article are his.
The system of higher education in the US democracy and the most advanced in the world. I have 4 technical sessions continuously from 11 am to 5 pm, but only stay 15 minutes to get from the lecture hall to another, eating fast food in the classroom is often the solution to the lunch I. Not only are allowed to eat, but I also can message by mobile or laptop use in class. No story professors call students answered as a punishment when students are thinking somewhere. Our students are debated openly without being judged attitude when he rejected the idea of her.
A very ordinary thing in the US is happy to thank professor when students pointed out inaccuracies in the lectures. I even once even earn points for pointing out the error like that. So understand why American students are very confident style, because they get real encouragement from the teachers every speech, even asking professors to quote just said. In addition to formal classes, teachers often spend about 2 to 4 hours per week so that students can easily exchange or to answer questions in their own office. Students can also learn through each course tutor. These are good students of pre-school classes and pay rent of about $ 9 / hour, 10 hours a week.
Another thing to do for many students it's no surprise the distinction of age in the classroom. I have his classmates in English during the first 28 years and the third year classmates comparable in age probably doubled my lot. Even high school students in the United States did not follow the standard greeting when the teacher stood up walked in and out of class. Students receive test results privately absolute. Without each other, the friend asked no one knows the outcome of one. The school is for learning, not because of his fear of being evaluated friends. In the US, parents only have the right to know the location of their children if they are paying for their child's school.
The curriculum at American universities more flexibility in us. Students selected subjects, choosing teachers, and choose according to their own school. I have a girlfriend home from school in an hour's drive up the school put all three classes on the first day of week. I have been surprised when the teacher asked if those who go to work in the classroom more than 200 students the first year, there were 3/4 of my class raised their hands. Even I had her 5 subjects in school you just left for work a 32 hour period a week.
Although students must register in majors since school, but students can change the first two years of study that hardly affect the time of graduation. Literature students select industry can still switch to sectors such audit. In the first 2 years, most of the programs are the same industry. All students regardless of major, whether audit or Literature, must complete a basic program for two years with many subjects in many fields, from the natural sciences (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology ), social sciences (History, Sociology, Politics), English (writing in the research study), to the class like music or theater. Of course, students are entitled to choose their favorite subjects among disciplines group. Undergraduate program is designed for 4 years, but because of coursework, so students can learn many of the two main classes can also learn all three summer to shorten the learning time.
Regarding how to teach in American universities, never had he read the game copying status. Teachers lecture or play a slideshow and talk about all these issues. Things to explain more new teachers on the board. Students are able to review the website of teachers to support presentation of self-study process. Timetables are discovered early period, and lectures so dense comply from the first week to the last week. And especially the professor very punctual, they are hardly in the class before school, hard to find lessons that teachers to class late, even for a minute.
Another difference is how to assess the students. In the United States in a period, a normal school students 5 goal. Each subject has between 3 and 6 tests, the percentage points are distributed. States with 5 classes last week I always have at least one such test, with up to 4 weeks of tests, the article must be submitted, and presentations in class. In Vietnam, if there is no mid-term test, only a test only at maturity. Thus a student in America must learn continuously, unlike in Vietnam, schedule facilitates students can have free access beginning of the period before the end of semester rush in a few days for the final exam period and also finished. And of course, knowledge is built from basic to post articles as rains improve soil permeability, students will understand the problem with certainty.
Moreover, in addition to the test, I also have to do with subjects quiz online 15 minutes weekly. Or have classes every two weeks with a home network, I have to spend about 4 hours to complete 30-50 multiple-choice questions. Studies in the US, I have to write a lot. Sometimes I have to find a topic and find references in the library. There are nearly 30 pages long article. In particular, students may miss if plagiarism foul, albeit errors in a paper copy.
In the United States each university has the opportunity tens to hundreds of students each school not only has several student associations as in Vietnam. If students want to volunteer, you can participate in the volunteer program of many student clubs. There are specialized clubs (such as Finance, Audit, Economics, Chemistry, Information Technology), cultural (national student union and territories), or about entertainment (Photography photos, table Tennis, Chess). Besides there are many extracurricular classes (yoga, Latin dance).
Activities of the club in American universities are very active. Participation in extracurricular activities help me learn many things in the way of communication. Last year, I used to meet the mayor, I am studying in a talk by the student council of the school finance industry organization. New 2 weeks ago, I, along with members are to visit bank branches Frost National Bank in my downtown. During our visit, we were exchanges with the president, vice-president, as well as many heads of departments in banking such as investment, credit, and funds. Even after over two layers of security doors, the students we also see firsthand the bank's vault.