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The gas giant Jupiter, the next planet beyond Mars in the solar system, is inhospitable to life in any currently imaginable form. But its icy moons – especially Europa – have potential. A number of missions have flown past Jupiter and its moons on route to other places, but Nasa’s Galileo mission was the first designed to specifically orbit the planet and study its moons. It collected images and data in the Jovian system from 1995 to 2003, passing Europa 12 times.
Jupiter’s moon Europa is one of the most likely places to harbour life outside Earth, with its liquid oceans and gravitational energy sources
Pictures and data collected by this spacecraft suggest that Europa has a layered structure like Earth: an iron-rich core, a rocky mantle and a crust of ice. Magnetic field measurements found an electric current inside, consistent with a salty liquid ocean beneath the thick crust of ice around the whole planet. Photographs showing huge cracks in the ice, taken by the same mission, support this idea.
Europa’s surface resembles Earth’s sea ice in Antarctica, explains François Poulet from the Institute of Space Astrophysics at the Université Paris-Sud in France: ‘It indicates that the ice is geologically pretty young and it could be proof of its interaction with a reservoir of liquid water.’ In December 2012, the Hubble Space Telescope also detected water vapour above Europa’s South Pole and it was proposed this came from erupting water plumes. Spacecraft have not yet seen these plumes, however, so if they do exist they must be intermittent.
So, Europa probably has water. But what about the other two necessary components to be habitable? It has a source of heat energy coming from the friction of being pulled towards Jupiter’s gravitational field by different amounts during different stages of its elliptical orbit. There is also plenty of radiation around Jupiter to potentially start chemical reactions (strong enough to also very quickly destroy any organic compound formed). But whether it has the correct raw chemical ingredients isn’t yet known; modelling suggests that it might, but more hard data is needed.
In 2022, both the European Space Agency (ESA) and Nasa plan to launch spacecraft that will get up close and personal with Europa. ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) will take over seven years to reach the Jovian system. ‘We will arrive at the end of 2029 and start operation during 2030,’ says Poulet, a member of the team developing the visible and infrared spectrometer onboard called Majis (Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer). The main target of the Juice mission is Ganymede, another of Jupiter’s moons, but Europa will receive two flybys. Majis will characterise the surface composition of this moon and – together with the UV spectrometer onboard – determine the composition of Europa’s very thin atmosphere. Other cameras and spectrometers will also help build understanding of this icy world’s interior and crust.
For Nasa’s Europa Clipper mission, Europa is the star of the show. While the seemingly obvious mission would be to orbit Europa for a few years, any spacecraft doing this would be exposed to life-shortening radiation from Jupiter. Instead, Europa clipper will orbit Jupiter, dipping in and out of its radiation belt. It will carry out at least 45 close flybys of Europa over three and a half years. A mixture of cameras and spectrometers will examine the moon and its tenuous atmosphere. If the water plumes above the South Pole do exist, it will also be able to fly through these and therefore directly measure the chemical composition of the moon’s ocean. If the Europa Clipper launches in 2022, there are two possible arrival times for it: 2025, if Nasa’s new Space Launch System (SLS) that is currently in development is used, or January 2030, if a traditional rocket is used.
này bn tự làm theo ý bạn vẫn hay , bn có thể tự làm tiếng việt r vô gg dịch=))
1.
My favourite leisure activity is reading. I like reading because it is a hobby that is useful and interesting: useful because you can find a lot of knowledge of all areas that you need; interesting because the books can give you the joy and help you relax after a day of toil etc... Especially, when you join the forum, you can meet a lot of people who have interests similar to yours, comment on the books or novels that interest you.
I love books and also natural as reading books. At the age of ten, I was awarded "The Scarlet Sails" of Alexandre Green by my grandfather. It is the first of book that I have been. I read it does not know how many times (Up to now, I still love it and occasionally read it again). My love for books begun.
I usually spend almost of free time in choosing the book with my friends, participate in dicussion on the forum and reading (of course!). Every weekend and all holidays when I have no work to do, I often read books and ruminate on it. I also help some friends can select the genres of books that they like.
I always hope that I will have my own library in my future. I love books very much and perhaps, I couldn't live without them.
2.
In my opinion, life in the city as well as in the countryside has its own benefits. Personally, I prefer living in the countryside.
In the first place, life in the the countryside is much more peaceful in the way that it gives people a chance to relax and feel at ease.
Secondly, the air is so fresh and pure in the countryside. Besides, there are so many beautiful sceneries there such as woods, mountains, rivers, ponds and lakes... For that reason, many people choose the countryside as their refreshment site after tiring days at work. Moreover, rural people are very friendly and hospitable. You are always welcome to their place. They make a living by farming and breeding cattle and poultry. The food there is always fresh and delicious.
Lastly, life in the conutryside is very peaceful and good for our heath.
If someone asks where I would rather live, my definite answer is the peaceful and happy countryide.
Bài tham khảo:
My best friend is Lan. We have known each other since we were 10 years old. However we became best friends when we were at grade 7. At that time I was very bad at English and it was who helped me improve my English. Now she lives with her parents in Nguyen Trai street.
If I were to describe how she looks I would say she is very pretty. She has long black hair a straight nose and a small pointed chin. She is quite slim. She doesn t to dress up so I usually see her wearing jeans and a T - shirt. She has a very nice personality and a wonderful sense of humour but she can also get a little depressed from time to time. I can always count on her to be honest and to give me the best advice.
What I about Lan is that she has same hobbies with me. We both enjoy singing karaoke reading comic books and going shopping. We going to the cinema but sometimes can t agree on which movie to see. In addition since I am better in Maths and Chemistry and she is better in English and languages we can always help each other if we get confused about a difficult homework assignment. We are so lucky that we get along so well. I hope that our friendship can last long
Học tốt
Panda
There are many difference between the life in city and country. Someone tell me he liked the life in country because he wanted to ẹnoy the fresh air, natural sence and people in country was very nice, friendly. Do you live in country, and what do you feel about it? please tell me anything you think. I like to live in city although it is noisy and polutted air, traffic jam and some thing else but I love it. I love business, active and friendly people. I think everyone all has one thought, We canot talk that our thoughts are right. I hope you will find where you really want to live in. Have a nice day.
FRIENDS
To me, one of my best friends is A. A is only over eighteen but he is well developed; so he is thought to be twenty or more. He has black hair, a broad forehead, a straight nose and bright eyes. He is very good-looking. He has a kind heart and is easy to get on with everybody. We have been friends for a very long time. The deeper our mutual understanding becomes the more we feel closely attached to each other. “Birds of a feather flock together”, A and I are keen on learning. We are the best pupils in our class. A is always at the top. He is good at every subject, but he never shows pride in his abilities and always tries to learn harder.
A’s family is not rich enough. His parents are retired workers. Realizing the hardships of his parents, although he is absorbed in his study, he often spends most of his spare time doing useful things to help his parents in their old age. He gets up early in the morning to have enough time to deliver newspapers to subscribers before going to school. After school in the afternoon, he repairs bicycles and motorbikes. Therefore the money he gets from his manual job is sufficient for his school fees and for his parents’ presents. I like A very much because of his honesty and straight forwardness. He is always ready to help his weak friends in their study; as a result, lots of friends, thanks to his whole-hearted help, have become good ones.
In my relation with A, I have got precious experience: thirst for learning, patience to overcome difficulties, helpfulness and filial piety.
Chỗ nào có chữ A thì thay tên bn mk vào nha
Thanks bạn nha
Bạn biết viết topic school and study habits không?
I and Hung are team mates in our school’s soccer team, and that is the reason we became best friends. At first we did not know each other, but we quickly became close after just a few weeks. Hung is a good player, so he always helps me prace to improve my skills. In order to thank him, I become his instructor in some of the subjects in class. I am as tall and slim as Hung, and many people say that we look brothers. In fact, we are even closer than brothers. We can share almost everything, from feelings to clothes and hobbies. I always proud of our friend ship, and we will keep it this as long as we can.
Each summer vacation, I am taken to the countryside by my parents so as to relax after a hard working term. I really the life here. In rural areas, there are not as many houses and vehicles as in the city. As the result, the atmosphere is quite fresh and cool. Most people mainly travel by bicycle or on foot. The landscape is very poe and picturesque. There are many gardens, rivers here. We can grow vegetables or chickens, fish,... on our own. The local are very kind, generous and friendly. They are willing to give directions to strangers and help each other in difficult times. Whenever we are away, we can relievedly ask our neighbors to keep our houses and children . Another thing that we especially is that in the countryside, we are reconciled to nature so that the soul is always open and the body is healthy. Living in the countryside is fun and wonderful. In the future, I really want to live here.
4. Talk about the country life / city life.
In my opinion, the countryside is a beautiful place. I love it because it is qiuet and life here is very slow and easy. We never have to queue in shops and we can drive bikes on street comfortable(comfortably) because there’s much heavy traffic .In (the) countryside,people plant vegetables and raise cattle(by) themselves.So the food is(are) very fresh here. In addition, the air is clean.It makes us have a good healthy(health).
The people are friendly.Everyone know(knows) everyone and if someone has a problem,there are always people who can help.
But the countryside is too quiet.There’s no things to do.
It’s don’t(chỗ này sao có tobe hở bạn??) have any parks or movie theaters. And many people feel bored.
The city life is the opposite.There are any(some) places for entertainment.People can relax by going to the zoo, playing games… And children in the city have chance to learn more because the education is good.There are many kind of food here and they are delicious.But people are unfriendly and the city is noisy and plutted air.
Each place has some benefits anh limitations.
I live in the country. I like the life here. But I always want to live in the city because it is good for my future.
1. Talk about one of your close friend
My best friend is Lan. We have known each other since we were 10 years old. However we became best friends when we were at grade 3. At that time I was very bad at English and it was who helped me improve my English. Now she lives with her parents in Nguyen Trai street.
If I were to describe how she looks I would say she is very pretty. She has long black hair a straight nose and a small pointed chin. She is quite slim. She doesn t like to dress up so I usually see her wearing jeans and a T - shirt. She has a very nice personality and a wonderful sense of humour but she can also get a little depressed from time to time. I can always count on her to be honest and to give me the best advice.
What I like about Lan is that she has same hobbies with me. We both enjoy singing karaoke reading comic books and going shopping. We like going to the cinema but sometimes can t agree on which movie to see. In addition since I am better in Maths and Chemistry and she is better in English and languages we can always help each other if we get confused about a difficult homework assignment. We are so lucky that we get along so well. I hope that our friendship can last long.
Trước hết bạn cần học thuộc những tính chất và định nghĩa về các hình ấy cái này rất quan trọng trong việc chứng minh.Kẻ dc hình thì bạn vận dụng những kiến thức có được để chứng minh đề bài yêu cầu.
P/s:Đây chỉ là kinh nghiện khi làm bài tập hình của mk thôi ai có ý kiến hay hơn cùng chia sẻ nhá.^^
Nhưng Hoa ơi, vấn đề ở đây không phải là mk ko thuộc bài, mà mk còn khá là mơ hồ về các khái niệm, chưa thực sự vận dụng vào bài tập, chưa xác định một cách chính xác về chúng nên dẫn đến liên tục giải sai bài tập, chính vì thế mk mới cần một sự hướng dẫn cụ thể hóa tất cả chúng chứ hoàn toàn không phải mk ko thuộc bài ! Vậy các bạn hãy giúp giảng giải cho mk với nha! Mk hứa sẽ kết bạn vs các bạn và k đúng cho các bạn mà! Thôi, mk cảm ơn trước!Mk mong các bạn sớm cho mk câu trả lời đúng đắn nhé!!!!
In my opinion, life in the city as well as in the countryside has its own benefits. Personally, I prefer living in the countryside.
In the first place, life in the the countryside is much more peaceful in the way that it gives people a chance to relax and feel at ease.
Secondly, the air is so fresh and pure in the countryside. Besides, there are so many beautiful sceneries there such as woods, mountains, rivers, ponds and lakes... For that reason, many people choose the countryside as their refreshment site after tiring days at work. Moreover, rural people are very friendly and hospitable. You are always welcome to their place. They make a living by farming and breeding cattle and poultry. The food there is always fresh and delicious.
Lastly, life in the conutryside is very peaceful and good for our heath.
If someone asks where I would rather live, my definite answer is the peaceful and happy coúntryide. bạn xem thử coi được hk chứ cả 2 đề này mk hk có ý tưởng j hay hết nên mk cop của 1 bạn kia à