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17 tháng 3 2022

0.useful

1. unpainful

2. thoughtful

3. grateful

4. cheerfully

5. disadvantages

6. embarrassment

7. careless

8. effortlessly

9. wonderfully

10. fortunately

Bạn nào giúp mik vs ạ! Huhu I have Learned, often the hard way, that there are a few simple rules about how to make life easier both before and after your journey. First of All, always check and double-check departure times. It is amazing how few people really do this carefully. Once i arrived at the airport a few minutes after ten. My secretary had got the ticket for me and i thought she said that the plane left at 10:50. I walked calmly to the departure desk, thinking I still had a...
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Bạn nào giúp mik vs ạ! Huhu

I have Learned, often the hard way, that there are a few simple rules about how to make life easier both before and after your journey. First of All, always check and double-check departure times. It is amazing how few people really do this carefully. Once i arrived at the airport a few minutes after ten. My secretary had got the ticket for me and i thought she said that the plane left at 10:50. I walked calmly to the departure desk, thinking I still had a little time to spare. I didn`t bother to take a good look at the ticket. The clerk at the desk told me politely but firmly that the departure time was 10:15 and that the flight was, according to international regulations, " now closed! ". I had to wait three hours for the next one and missed an importent meeting.

The second rule is to remember that even in this age of credit cards, it is still importent to have at least a little of the local currency with you when you arrive in a country. This can be absolutely essential if you are flying to a place few tourists normally visit. A few years ago, I took a business trip to Oklahoma. I flew there from London via Dallas,with very little time to change planes in between. I arrived there at midnight and the bank at the airport was closed. The only way to get to my hotel was by taxi and since I had no Dollars, i offered to pay in Pounds instead." Listen, Buddy! I only take Real money! " the driver said angrily. Luckily I was able to borrow a few dollars from a clerk at the hotel, but it was Embarrassing.

The third and last rule is to find out as much as you can about the weather at your destination before you leave, especially if you can take only a little baggage with you. I feel sorry for some of my colleagues who travel in heavy suits and raincoats in May, when it is still fairly cool in London or Manchester, to places like Athens, Rome or Madrid, where it is already beginning to get quite warm during a day. Few people understand just how importent it is to have the right sort of clothes with you in these days of rapid air travel.

I. Discuss these questions. Campare your answers.

1. Explain why the writer once arrived at the airport only a few minutes before the plane left.

2. Whose fault do you think it was? Thư writer's or his secretary's? Give reasons for your answer.

3. Explain why the writer think it is essential to have at least a little local currency when you arrive in a foreign country.

4. Describe some of the problems you could have if you ignore the advice in the last paragraph

1
5 tháng 8 2018

I. Discuss these questions. Campare your answers.
1. Explain why the writer once arrived at the airport only a few minutes before the plane left.

=>Because his secretary had got the ticket for him and he thought she said that the plane left at 10:50.

2. Whose fault do you think it was? Thư writer's or his secretary's? Give reasons for your answer.

=>Thư writer's .Because he didn`t bother to take a good look at the ticket.
3. Explain why the writer think it is essential to have at least a little local currency when you arrive in a foreign country.

=>Because this can be absolutely essential if you are flying to a place few tourists normally visit.
4. Describe some of the problems you could have if you ignore the advice in the last paragraph

=>when it is still fairly cool in London or Manchester, to places like Athens, Rome or Madrid, where it is already beginning to get quite warm during a day.

3.complete each sentece with one of the words in the box : (laptop, hard, downloaded, virusInternet, scanner, websites, floppy, surfing, sòtware, chat forum) 1. It's so easy to use a .... when you want to send photographs ti friend by email. Its just like using a photocopier 2. I've lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a ... 3. I'm always impressed by people who carry their .... on aeroplanes and work on them during the flight 4. Those ... disks don't store nearly enough...
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3.complete each sentece with one of the words in the box : (laptop, hard, downloaded, virusInternet, scanner, websites, floppy, surfing, sòtware, chat forum)

1. It's so easy to use a .... when you want to send photographs ti friend by email. Its just like using a photocopier

2. I've lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a ...

3. I'm always impressed by people who carry their .... on aeroplanes and work on them during the flight

4. Those ... disks don't store nearly enough information. You really need to use your .... disk for all the data you want to store

5. If you want some photos of the usa. You could just try .... the web. You'll be amazed hơw many you can find

6. I belong to a great ....... there are about ten people who are all interested in 1960s music. We email one another almost every day, and can talk live to another

7. I ... a good program from the internet the other day. Would you like a copy

8. Do you ever visit any ... for pop stars or film stars? Some of them have photos and music to

9. ..... is the programs that you put into a computer to make it run

1
29 tháng 10 2017

3.complete each sentece with one of the words in the box : (laptop, hard, downloaded, virusInternet, scanner, websites, floppy, surfing, sòtware, chat forum)

1. It's so easy to use a ..scanner.. when you want to send photographs ti friend by email. Its just like using a photocopier

2. I've lost a lot of data. I wonder if my computer has a ..virus..

3. I'm always impressed by people who carry their ..laptop.. on aeroplanes and work on them during the flight

4. Those ..floppy.. disks don't store nearly enough information. You really need to use your ..hard.. disk for all the data you want to store

5. If you want some photos of the usa. You could just try ..surfing.. the web. You'll be amazed hơw many you can find

6. I belong to a great ...chat forum.... there are about ten people who are all interested in 1960s music. We email one another almost every day, and can talk live to another

7. I ..downloaded.. a good program from the internet the other day. Would you like a copy

8. Do you ever visit any ..websites.. for pop stars or film stars? Some of them have photos and music to

9. ...Software... is the programs that you put into a computer to make it run

Điền từ vào đoạn hội thoại sau (news, letter, moon, people,nothing, experience,wood noise, picnic, silence,wekkend,birthday ) thank you very much for your ..(1)..which arrived this morning.it was really my turn to write as you say but i seems to have so little ..(2).these days i mean life goes on as always and nothing special seems to happen .Last(3) ...was fun,though .As you nay remember it was daisy's..(4).last saturday and she wanted to do something different.Instead of the...
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Điền từ vào đoạn hội thoại sau (news, letter, moon, people,nothing, experience,wood noise, picnic, silence,wekkend,birthday )

thank you very much for your ..(1)..which arrived this morning.it was really my turn to write as you say but i seems to have so little ..(2).these days i mean life goes on as always and nothing special seems to happen .Last(3) ...was fun,though .As you nay remember it was daisy's..(4).last saturday and she wanted to do something different.Instead of the usual party at home,she decided to have a midnight..(5). in glover wood.We all met at a cafeteria had a few drinks and then went on down to the(6)...fortunately there was a bright (7)....so we were able to make our way there without much trouble.As you can imagine there was a great deal of messing about when we got there ..(8)..shouting and chasing each other around.But when we started eating,the...(9). died down.It was then that we suddenly became aware of the stillness of the night and although it sounds odd to say so the...(10) seemed even louder than the noise we had been making before.All in all it was an unforgettable.(11).. im sure daisy's picnic will be talked about for some time.Well...(12) more to tell you just now hope to see you at christmas

1
22 tháng 7 2017

Điền từ vào đoạn hội thoại sau ( nothing, experience,

thank you very much for your ..(1), letter..which arrived this morning.it was really my turn to write as you say but i seems to have so little ..(2)news.these days i mean life goes on as always and nothing special seems to happen .Last(3) .weekend..was fun,though .As you nay remember it was daisy's..birthday(4).last saturday and she wanted to do something different.Instead of the usual party at home,she decided to have a midnight..(5)picnic. in glover wood.We all met at a cafeteria had a few drinks and then went on down to the(6).wood..fortunately there was a bright (7).moon...so we were able to make our way there without much trouble.As you can imagine there was a great deal of messing about when we got there ..(8).people.shouting and chasing each other around.But when we started eating,the silence.(9). died down.It was then that we suddenly became aware of the stillness of the night and although it sounds odd to say so the..noise.(10) seemed even louder than the noise we had been making before.All in all it was an unforgettable.(11). experience. im sure daisy's picnic will be talked about for some time.Well.nothing..(12) more to tell you just now hope to see you at christmas

22 tháng 7 2017

thank you very much

2. Read the descriptions of two events and check your ideas for exercise 1. What do you think of each prank? Use the adjectives below or your own ideas.childish   clever   cruel   funny   predictableSarah_B: Tell us about pranks you played on friends or family members! Dave338: When I was about nine years old, I bought an enormous plastic spider from a joke shop. I couldn't wait to play a prank on my sister with it. One morning, I put it in the shower just before my big sister went into...
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2. Read the descriptions of two events and check your ideas for exercise 1. What do you think of each prank? Use the adjectives below or your own ideas.

childish   clever   cruel   funny   predictable

Sarah_B: Tell us about pranks you played on friends or family members! 

Dave338: When I was about nine years old, I bought an enormous plastic spider from a joke shop. I couldn't wait to play a prank on my sister with it. One morning, I put it in the shower just before my big sister went into the bathroom. I waited outside the door. I heard a really loud scream and my sister ran out of the bathroom. I thought it was really funny, but she was really cross when she found out, and chased me round the house. I feel bad about it now, it took her ages to get over it because she was so shocked.

Kate44: Last February, I sent my brother a Valentine's card. In the card, I wrote 'Be my Valentine! With love from ???’, and I tried to disguise my handwriting. When he opened it, he looked carefully at the writing, and I thought for a moment he realised it was from me. But there was a girl in his class who he liked, and he thought the card was from her. He seemed really pleased and he decided to ask her out, and now they're going out! Eventually, he found out she didn't send it. He immediately suspected me, so I owned up. He was a bit cross, but he forgave me because of the happy ending.

2
QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
11 tháng 9 2023

I think Dave338’s prank is extremely childish and cruel as it took his sister ages to get over the prank. (Mình thấy trò đùa của Dave338 cực kỳ trẻ con và độc ác vì nó khiến chị ấy mất nhiều thời gian để vượt qua trò chơi khăm đó.)

I think Kate44’s quite interesting but she shouldn’t have played that with her brother as it would have been a great disappointment to him if his crush hadn’t go out with him. (Mình thấy trò đùa của Kate44 khá thú vị nhưng đang lý ra cô ấy không nên làm như vậy vì nếu chị gái kia không đi chơi với anh ấy thì đó sẽ là một nỗi thất vọng lớn lao.)

QT
Quoc Tran Anh Le
Giáo viên
11 tháng 9 2023

Tạm dịch:

Sarah_B: Hãy kể về một trò chơi khăm mà bạn thực hiện lên bạn bè hoặc thành viên trong gia đình nào!

Dave338: Khi mà tôi chin tuổi, tôi đã mua một con nhện khổng lồ bằng nhựa trong một tiệm giỡn. Tôi không thể đợi để chơi khăm chị mình với nó. Một buổi sáng nọ, tôi đặt con nhện trong vòi sen ngay trước khi chị tôi đi vào nhà tắm. Tôi đứng đợi ở ngoài cửa. Tôi đã nghe một tiếng hét rất lớn và chị tôi đã chạy ra khỏi vòng tắm. Tôi đã nghỉ nó rất vui, những chị tôi đã phát cáu khi biết chuyện, và đuổi theo tôi quanh nhà. Bây giờ tôi cảm thấy mình tệ vì chuyện đó. Cũng mất khá lâu để chị tôi có thể vượt qua nó vì chị ấy quá đỗi bàng hoàng.

Kate44: Tháng Hai năm ngoái, mình đã gửi anh trai mình một tấm thiệp ngày Lễ tình nhân. Trong tấm thiếp, mình viết “Hãy là tình nhân của mình nhé! Từ ??? với yêu thương”, và mình cố gắng làm rối nét chữ của mình. Nhưng có một chị ở lớp mà anh ấy rất thích, và anh ấy đã nghỉ tấm thiệp là từ chị ấy. Anh ấy dường như rất vui vẻ và anh đã quyết định rủ cô ấy đi chơi, và bây giờ họ đang đi chơi rồi! Sau cùng, anh ấy cũng biết là chị ấy không gửi tấm thiệp đó. Anh ấy lập tức nghi ngờ mình, nên mình thú nhận mình đã làm. Anh ấy đã có chút cáu giận nhưng anh ấy cũng tha thứ cho mình vì cái kết có hậu.

II. Complete the sentences with"used to" or "be used to" 1. Jane(work).................... for the telephone company, but now she has a job at the post office 2. Did work doesn't brother me. I(work)................................ hard. I've worked hard all my life 3. Dick(have)............................. mustache. but he doesn't any more. He shaved it off because his wife didn't like it. I (see, not)....................... him without his mustache. He still looks strange to me 4. When I...
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II. Complete the sentences with"used to" or "be used to"

1. Jane(work).................... for the telephone company, but now she has a job at the post office

2. Did work doesn't brother me. I(work)................................ hard. I've worked hard all my life

3. Dick(have)............................. mustache. but he doesn't any more. He shaved it off because his wife didn't like it. I (see, not)....................... him without his mustache. He still looks strange to me

4. When I was a child, I (think)...................................anyone over 40 was old. Of course, now that I'm middle- aged, I agree with those who say"Life begins at 40"

5. It(take)............................................ weeks or months to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to American , but now it takes only a matter of hours

6. Even though Jason is only 12, he(fly)................................. on airplane. His father is pilot and has taken Johnson with him in a plane many times

7. Michale(take)....................................... care of himself. He left home when he was 15 and has been on his own ever since

8. When I was growing up, my mother often sent me to the neighborhood store to get something for her. And each time I went there, Mr. Ditmar, the owner,(give)...................... me a piece of candy

1
12 tháng 9 2017

II. Complete the sentences with"used to" or "be used to"

1. Jane(work)............USED TO WORK........ for the telephone company, but now she has a job at the post office

2. Did work doesn't brother me. I(work).....................AM USED TO WORKING........... hard. I've worked hard all my life

3. Dick(have)...................USED TO HAVE.......... mustache. but he doesn't any more. He shaved it off because his wife didn't like it. I (see, not)........AM NOT USED TO SEEING............... him without his mustache. He still looks strange to me

4. When I was a child, I (think)...............USED TO THINK....................anyone over 40 was old. Of course, now that I'm middle- aged, I agree with those who say"Life begins at 40"

5. It(take)............................USED TO TAKE................ weeks or months to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to American , but now it takes only a matter of hours

6. Even though Jason is only 12, he(fly)......................USED TO FLY........... on airplane. His father is pilot and has taken Johnson with him in a plane many times

7. Michale(take)................IS USED TO TAKING....................... care of himself. He left home when he was 15 and has been on his own ever since

8. When I was growing up, my mother often sent me to the neighborhood store to get something for her. And each time I went there, Mr. Ditmar, the owner,(give).............USED TO GIVE......... me a piece of candy

Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).The book includes (0) contributions (CONTRIBUTE) from 12 other writers - to name them all would take too much space, and to name a few would be ____________ (INVIDIOUSLY). Suffice it to say that this is a pleasing aspect of the book in that it adds ____________ (DIVERSE) of voice. Most of the authors are European-based, and, combined...
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Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

The book includes (0) contributions (CONTRIBUTE) from 12 other writers - to name them all would take too much space, and to name a few would be ____________ (INVIDIOUSLY). Suffice it to say that this is a pleasing aspect of the book in that it adds ____________ (DIVERSE) of voice. Most of the authors are European-based, and, combined with the non-managerial focus, this seems to make the book less dogmatic or ___________ (PRESCRIBE). The book is __________ (IMMENSE) readable, both because of the writing style(s) and the variety of interrelated topics. It can also act as a useful resource or ___________ (REFER) to find a quick way into topics, such as value, or identity. It lends itself to a course design that would require students to engage with the journal literature and relate this to ______________ (CONTEMPORIZE) social issues. It is a useful resource for the kind of class where ideas can be discussed and argued about. Its ___________ (ENTREAT)  of issues is helpful, as it brings several different ideas to bear on the same question. At times, the book strays from its mission and spends a little too much time giving the ___________ (MANAGE) view. However, the overall de-privileging of the marketing manager is very welcome indeed - though whether the consumer's viewpoint is the only appropriate ___________ (ALTERNATE) perspective to work from is a matter for debate.

1
14 tháng 4 2021

Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

The book includes (0) contributions (CONTRIBUTE) from 12 other writers - to name them all would take too much space, and to name a few would be _______INVIDIOUS_____ (INVIDIOUSLY). Suffice it to say that this is a pleasing aspect of the book in that it adds _______DIVERSIFIED_____ (DIVERSE) of voice. Most of the authors are European-based, and, combined with the non-managerial focus, this seems to make the book less dogmatic or ___PRESCRIPTIVE________ (PRESCRIBE). The book is ______IMMENSELY____ (IMMENSE) readable, both because of the writing style(s) and the variety of interrelated topics. It can also act as a useful resource or _____REFERENCE______ (REFER) to find a quick way into topics, such as value, or identity. It lends itself to a course design that would require students to engage with the journal literature and relate this to ___CONTEMPORARY___________ (CONTEMPORIZE) social issues. It is a useful resource for the kind of class where ideas can be discussed and argued about. Its ______ENTRAPMENT_____ (ENTREAT)  of issues is helpful, as it brings several different ideas to bear on the same question. At times, the book strays from its mission and spends a little too much time giving the _______MANAGEABLE____ (MANAGE) view. However, the overall de-privileging of the marketing manager is very welcome indeed - though whether the consumer's viewpoint is the only appropriate ________ALTERNATIVE___ (ALTERNATE) perspective to work from is a matter for debate.

Khum biet dung hay sai nua :<

IV. Complete using the correct form of the words in brackets No sooner (1)…………….(I/start) working at Taylforth Nielsen, the computer company, than I realised it was the perfect opportunity for my hobby: hacking! Don’t get me wrong. At no point (2)……………(I/have) ever stolen anything! I do it for the challenge. Not only (3)……………(I/like) proving I can do it, but sometimes (4)…………..(it/help) a company to build a better security system. Rarely...
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IV. Complete using the correct form of the words in brackets

No sooner (1)…………….(I/start) working at Taylforth Nielsen, the computer company, than I realised it was the perfect opportunity for my hobby: hacking! Don’t get me wrong. At no point (2)……………(I/have) ever stolen anything! I do it for the challenge. Not only (3)……………(I/like) proving I can do it, but sometimes (4)…………..(it/help) a company to build a better security system. Rarely (5)…………..(they/see) it like that, of course. I decided I would see if I could break into the Grand Bank system. Little (6)………….(I/realise) what was waiting for me.

The second day of working there, hardly (7)…………….(everyone else/leave) when I started to try simple passwords. Seldom (8)……………(this/is) enough, though. You usually have to work much harder than that. Not until midnight (9)…………..(I/get) access to the Grand Bank system. Hardly (10)…………(I/have) time to look around the system when the door to my office flew open, and three men rushed in. Only when (11)…………(they/show) me their ID (12)…………….(I/realise) that it was the police. They had been expecting something like this and had traced my computer! Not only (13)…………..(I/be fired), but (14)………….(they/keep) all my computer records, too. Maybe it’s time to find another hobby.

0
IV. Complete using the correct form of the words in brackets No sooner (1)…………….(I/start) working at Taylforth Nielsen, the computer company, than I realised it was the perfect opportunity for my hobby: hacking! Don’t get me wrong. At no point (2)……………(I/have) ever stolen anything! I do it for the challenge. Not only (3)……………(I/like) proving I can do it, but sometimes (4)…………..(it/help) a company to build a better security system. Rarely...
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IV. Complete using the correct form of the words in brackets

No sooner (1)…………….(I/start) working at Taylforth Nielsen, the computer company, than I realised it was the perfect opportunity for my hobby: hacking! Don’t get me wrong. At no point (2)……………(I/have) ever stolen anything! I do it for the challenge. Not only (3)……………(I/like) proving I can do it, but sometimes (4)…………..(it/help) a company to build a better security system. Rarely (5)…………..(they/see) it like that, of course. I decided I would see if I could break into the Grand Bank system. Little (6)………….(I/realise) what was waiting for me.

The second day of working there, hardly (7)…………….(everyone else/leave) when I started to try simple passwords. Seldom (8)……………(this/is) enough, though. You usually have to work much harder than that. Not until midnight (9)…………..(I/get) access to the Grand Bank system. Hardly (10)…………(I/have) time to look around the system when the door to my office flew open, and three men rushed in. Only when (11)…………(they/show) me their ID (12)…………….(I/realise) that it was the police. They had been expecting something like this and had traced my computer! Not only (13)…………..(I/be fired), but (14)………….(they/keep) all my computer records, too. Maybe it’s time to find another hobby.

0
Help me PAPER RECYCLING A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world...
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Help me

PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A .......................

2. Paragraph B .......................

3. Paragraph C .......................

4. Paragraph D .......................

5. Paragraph E .......................

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20 tháng 10 2018

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PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.

B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.

C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.

D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.

E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.

i. Process of paper recycling

ii. Less threat of waste paper to the environment

iii. Collection of paper for recycling

iv. Sources of paper for recycling

v. Bad sides of paper recycling

vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper

Your answer:

1. Paragraph A ...........iii. Collection of paper for recycling............

2. Paragraph B ..........vi. Contribution of community to recycling paper.............

3. Paragraph C ...........iv. Sources of paper for recycling............

4. Paragraph D ............i. Process of paper recycling...........

5. Paragraph E ...........v. Bad sides of paper recycling............