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\(x+y+xy=x^2+y^2\)
⇔ \(2xy+2x+2y=2x^2+2y^2\)
⇔ \(\left(x^2+y^2-2xy\right)+\left(x^2-2x+1\right)+\left(y^2-2y+1\right)=2\)
⇔ \(\left(x-y\right)^2+\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2=2\)
⇔
⇔
Các cặp số nguyên (x, y) thỏa mãn phương trình là : (0; 0); (2; 2); (0; 1); (2; 1); (1; 0);(1;2).
\(x^2-\left(y+1\right)x+y^2-y=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-\left(y+1\right)x+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(y+1\right)^2-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(y+1\right)^2+y^2-y=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-\dfrac{y+1}{2}\right)^2+\dfrac{3}{4}\left(y-1\right)^2-1=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{3}{4}\left(y-1\right)^2-1=-\left(x-\dfrac{y+1}{2}\right)^2\le0\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{4}\left(y-1\right)^2\le1\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(y-1\right)^2\le\dfrac{4}{3}\)
\(2\left(x+y\right)+xy=x^2+y^2\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2-2x-2y-xy=0\\ \Leftrightarrow2x^2+2y^2-4x-4y-2xy=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x^2-4x+4\right)+\left(y^2-4y+4\right)+\left(x^2-2xy+y^2\right)=8\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-2\right)^2+\left(y-2\right)^2+\left(x-y\right)^2=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\begin{matrix}\left(x-2\right)^2=0;&\left(y-2\right)^2=4;&\left(x-y\right)^2=4\\\left(x-2\right)^2=4;&\left(y-2\right)^2=0;&\left(x-y\right)^2=4\\\left(x-2\right)^2=4;&\left(y-2\right)^2=4;&\left(x-y\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\begin{matrix}x=2;&y=4\\x=2;&y=0\\x=4;&y=2\\x=0;&y=2\\x=0;&y=0\\x=2;&y=2\end{matrix}\)
Vậy có 6 cặp số thỏa mãn:
\(\left(x;y\right)\in\left\{\left(2;4\right);\left(2;0\right);\left(4;2\right);\left(0;2\right);\left(0;0\right);\left(2;2\right)\right\}\)
\(x^2+y^2+2\left(x+y\right)-xy=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4x^2-4xy+4y^2+8\left(x+y\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x-y\right)^2+4\left(2x-y\right)+4+3y^2+12y+12=-16\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2x-y+2\right)^2+3\left(y+2\right)^2=-16\)
Dễ thấy VT \(\ge0\) ; VP < 0 nên phương trình vô nghiệm
\(x^2+y^2-2\left(x+y\right)=xy\)
\(\Rightarrow x^2-2x+1+y^2-2y+1=2+xy\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2=2+xy\)
Ta lại có : \(\left(x-1\right)^2+\left(y-1\right)^2\ge2\left(x-1\right)\left(y-1\right)\) (Bất đẳng thức Cauchy)
Bài 4:
\(x^4y-x^4+2x^3-2x^2+2x-y=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow y(x^4-1)-(x^4-2x^3+2x^2-2x+1)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow y(x^2+1)(x^2-1)-[x^2(x^2-2x+1)+(x^2-2x+1)]=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow y(x^2+1)(x-1)(x+1)-(x-1)^2(x^2+1)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (x^2+1)(x-1)[y(x+1)-(x-1)]=0\)
\(\Rightarrow \left[\begin{matrix} x-1=0(1)\\ y(x+1)-(x-1)=0(2)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Với $(1)$ ta thu được $x=1$, và mọi $ý$ nguyên.
Với $(2)$
\(y(x+1)=x-1\Rightarrow y=\frac{x-1}{x+1}\in\mathbb{Z}\)
\(\Rightarrow x-1\vdots x+1\)
\(\Rightarrow x+1-2\vdots x+1\Rightarrow 2\vdots x+1\)
\(\Rightarrow x+1\in\left\{\pm 1; \pm 2\right\}\Rightarrow x\in\left\{-2; 0; -3; 1\right\}\)
\(\Rightarrow y\left\{3;-1; 2; 0\right\}\)
Vậy \((x,y)=(-2,3); (0; -1); (-3; 2); (1; t)\) với $t$ nào đó nguyên.
Bài 1:
\(x^2+y^2-8x+3y=-18\)
\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+y^2-8x+3y+18=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (x^2-8x+16)+(y^2+3y+\frac{9}{4})=\frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow (x-4)^2+(y+\frac{3}{2})^2=\frac{1}{4}\)
\(\Rightarrow (x-4)^2=\frac{1}{4}-(y+\frac{3}{2})^2\leq \frac{1}{4}<1\)
\(\Rightarrow -1< x-4< 1\Rightarrow 3< x< 5\)
Vì \(x\in\mathbb{Z}\Rightarrow x=4\)
Thay vào pt ban đầu ta thu được \(y=-1\) or \(y=-2\)
Vậy.......