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Diffusion, the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another, occurs in three basic patterns: direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion. In direct contact, elements of a society’s culture may be adopted first by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther afield. The spread of the manufacture of paper is an example of extensive diffusion by direct contact. The invention of paper is attributed to the Chinese Ts’ai Lun in A.D. 105. Within fifty years, paper was being made in many places in central China. By 264 it was found in Chinese Turkmenistan, and from then on the successive places of manufacture were Samarkand (751), Baghdad (793), Egypt (about 900), Morocco (about 1100), and France (1189). In general, the pattern of accepting the borrowed invention was the same everywhere. Paper was first imported into each area as a luxury, then in ever-expanding quantities as a staple product. Finally, usually within one to three centuries, local manufacture started. Diffusion by intermediated contact occurs through the agency of third parties. Frequently, traders carry a cultural trait from the society that originated it to another group. As an example of diffusion through intermediaries, Phoenician traders spread the alphabet, which may have been invented by another Semitic group, to Greece. At times, soldiers serve as intermediaries in spreading a culture trait. During the Middle Ages, European soldiers acted as intermediaries in two ways: they carried European culture to Arab societies of North Africa and brought Arab culture back to Europe. In the nineteenth century Western missionaries brought Western-style clothing to such places as Africa and the Pacific islands. In stimulus diffusion, knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent. A classic example of stimulus diffusion is the creation of the Cherokee syllabic writing system by a Native American named Sequoya. Sequoya got the idea from his contact with the English; yet he did not adopt the writing system nor did he even learn to write English. He utilized some English alphabetic symbols, altered others, and invented new ones. All the symbols he used represented Cherokee syllables and had a distinctly Cherokee form.

.

A. cultures retain their unique characteristics

B. cultural elements transfer from one culture to another

C. paper came into general use

D. economies grew through trade and manufacturing

12. The word “attributed” in line 5 is closest in meaning to________________ .

A. credited

B. presented

C. promised

D. limited

13. The word “successive” in line 7 is closest in meaning to______________ .

A. specialized

B. principal

C. prosperous

D. subsequent

14. The word “it” in line 13 refers to_______________________ .

A. diffusion

B. contact

C. trait

D. society

15. According to the passage, a change that occurred in Africa and the

Pacific islands as a result of the arrival of missionaries was________ .

A. an increase in the presence of soldiers

B. variation in local style of dressing

C. the manufacture of paper

D. the introduction of new alphabetical systems

16. In stating that the Cherokee writing system is a classic example, the

author means that this example is especially____________________ .

A. representative

B. understandable

C. difficlut

D. old

17. What did Sequoya do?

A. Adopt the English writing system for use in Cherokee

B. Study English intensively in order to learn to write it

C. Teach English to Cherokee Native Americans

D. Create a Cherokee writing system based on elements of the

English alphabet

18. The origins of the Greek and Cherokee writing systems were discussed

in the passage because both systems___________________ .

A. underwent identical patterns of development in different parts of

the world

B. influenced the development of alphabets of other languages

C. represented distinct ways in which elements could be introduced

into a culture

D. were introduced by religious missionaries

19. Which of the following statements about direct contact, intermediate

contact, and stimulus diffusion is NOT true?

A. They all cause changes in culture.

B. They all occur in more than one culture.

C. They all involve the interaction of cultures.

D. They all require the trading of manufactured products.

20. The author organized the discussion in the passage by_______________ .

A. establishing a historical chronology from the past through the present

B. illustrating specific categories with examples

C. identifying important geographic regions

D. ranking categories from most to least significant

0
Papermaking was invented by the Chinese in the first century A.D. The art of papermaking took 700 years to reach the Muslim world and another 700 years to get to Britain (via Spain, South France and Germany). Most paper was made from wood. When the trees are cut down, they are carried by land or water to paper mills. Here they are cut up and the wood is broken up into fibers, mixed with water and chemicals. This wood pulp is then dried up on a machine and made into paper. Papermaking is an...
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Papermaking was invented by the Chinese in the first century A.D. The art of papermaking took 700 years to reach the Muslim world and another 700 years to get to Britain (via Spain, South France and Germany). Most paper was made from wood. When the trees are cut down, they are carried by land or water to paper mills. Here they are cut up and the wood is broken up into fibers, mixed with water and chemicals. This wood pulp is then dried up on a machine and made into paper. Papermaking is an important British industry, and paper from Britain is exported to South Africa, Australia and many other countries. Some of the wood used in British papermaking industry comes from trees grown in Britain, but wood is also imported from other countries such as Norway. One tree is needed for every 400 copies of a forty-page newspaper. If half the adults in Britain each day buy one daily paper, this uses up over 40,000 trees a day. Trees are cut down faster than they can be replaced, so there may be a shortage before the year 2030.

1. How long did it take the art of papermaking to reach Britain?

A. a century

B. 700 years

C. 1400 years

D. two centuries

2. What is the process of making paper?

A. cutting up, mixing, breaking up, drying up

B. breaking up, cutting up, mixing, drying up

C. drying up, mixing, cutting up, breaking up

D. cutting up, breaking up, mixing, drying up

3. What can be understood about British papermaking industry?

A. many countries learn from it

B. it imports material to make paper

C. it has developed poorly

D. it produces the best paper ever

4. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Britain makes more paper than its people use

B. Making paper first came from China

C. There will be a shortage of trees in the future

D. Britain was the second to make paper

5. What is the writer’s tone in the conclusion of the passage?

A. concerning

B. satisfying

C. exciting

D. admiring  

1
22 tháng 5 2021

Papermaking was invented by the Chinese in the first century A.D. The art of papermaking took 700 years to reach the Muslim world and another 700 years to get to Britain (via Spain, South France and Germany). Most paper was made from wood. When the trees are cut down, they are carried by land or water to paper mills. Here they are cut up and the wood is broken up into fibers, mixed with water and chemicals. This wood pulp is then dried up on a machine and made into paper. Papermaking is an important British industry, and paper from Britain is exported to South Africa, Australia and many other countries. Some of the wood used in British papermaking industry comes from trees grown in Britain, but wood is also imported from other countries such as Norway. One tree is needed for every 400 copies of a forty-page newspaper. If half the adults in Britain each day buy one daily paper, this uses up over 40,000 trees a day. Trees are cut down faster than they can be replaced, so there may be a shortage before the year 2030.

1. How long did it take the art of papermaking to reach Britain?

A. a century

B. 700 years

C. 1400 years

D. two centuries

2. What is the process of making paper?

A. cutting up, mixing, breaking up, drying up

B. breaking up, cutting up, mixing, drying up

C. drying up, mixing, cutting up, breaking up

D. cutting up, breaking up, mixing, drying up

3. What can be understood about British papermaking industry?

A. many countries learn from it

B. it imports material to make paper

C. it has developed poorly

D. it produces the best paper ever

4. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Britain makes more paper than its people use

B. Making paper first came from China

C. There will be a shortage of trees in the future

D. Britain was the second to make paper

5. What is the writer’s tone in the conclusion of the passage?

A. concerning

B. satisfying

C. exciting

D. admiring  

In this section you will find after the passage a number of questions about the passage. You must choose the one which you think fits best . Write your answers in the spaces below (1.0pt) Paper is named for papyrus, a reed like plant used by ancient Egyptians as writing material more than 5000 years ago. The Chinese invented the paper that we use 2000 years ago. A piece of paper is really made up of tiny fibers, unlike a piece of material. The fibers used in paper, however, are plant...
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In this section you will find after the passage a number of questions about the passage. You must choose the one which you think fits best . Write your answers in the spaces below (1.0pt)

Paper is named for papyrus, a reed like plant used by ancient Egyptians as writing material more than 5000 years ago. The Chinese invented the paper that we use 2000 years ago.

A piece of paper is really made up of tiny fibers, unlike a piece of material. The fibers used in paper, however, are plant fibers, and there are millions of them in one sheet. In addition to the plant fiber, dyes and additives such as resin may be used. Dyes can make the paper different colors; resin may add weight and texture.

Where do these fibers come from ? The majority of paper is made from the plant fiber that comes from trees. Millions are cut down, but new trees are planted in their place. Paper may be also made from things like old rags or pieces of cloth. Wastepaper, paper that has been made and used, can be turned into recycled paper. This recycling process saves forest, energy and reduces air and water pollution.

1. According to the passage, the paper that we use was first invented by

A. the Chinese B. the Egyptians C. ancient cultures D. foresters

2. What is the main ingredient in most paper ?

A. resin B. cardboard C. plant fiber D. papyrus

3. According to the passage, the primary source of the plant fiber used in paper is

A. rags B. trees C. fabric D. wastepaper

4. According to the passage, recycling paper is

A. bad for the environment C. good for the environment

B. wasteful D. economical

5. According to the passage, recycling paper does all of the following EXCEPT

A. reduce the need for ink C. save energy

B. save forests D. reduce air pollution

1
29 tháng 3 2018

In this section you will find after the passage a number of questions about the passage. You must choose the one which you think fits best . Write your answers in the spaces below (1.0pt)

Paper is named for papyrus, a reed like plant used by ancient Egyptians as writing material more than 5000 years ago. The Chinese invented the paper that we use 2000 years ago.

A piece of paper is really made up of tiny fibers, unlike a piece of material. The fibers used in paper, however, are plant fibers, and there are millions of them in one sheet. In addition to the plant fiber, dyes and additives such as resin may be used. Dyes can make the paper different colors; resin may add weight and texture.

Where do these fibers come from ? The majority of paper is made from the plant fiber that comes from trees. Millions are cut down, but new trees are planted in their place. Paper may be also made from things like old rags or pieces of cloth. Wastepaper, paper that has been made and used, can be turned into recycled paper. This recycling process saves forest, energy and reduces air and water pollution.

1. According to the passage, the paper that we use was first invented by

A. the Chinese B. the Egyptians C. ancient cultures D. foresters

2. What is the main ingredient in most paper ?

A. resin B. cardboard C. plant fiber D. papyrus

3. According to the passage, the primary source of the plant fiber used in paper is

A. rags B. trees C. fabric D. wastepaper

4. According to the passage, recycling paper is

A. bad for the environment C. good for the environment

B. wasteful D. economical

5. According to the passage, recycling paper does all of the following EXCEPT

A. reduce the need for ink C. save energy

B. save forests D. reduce air pollution

Paper was invented by the Chinese in the first century A.D. The art of papermaking took 700 years to reach the Muslim world and another 700 years to get to Britain. Most paper is made from wood. When the trees are cut down, they are carried by land or water to paper mills. Here they are cut up and the wood is broken up into fibers, mixed with water and chemicals. This wood pulp is then dried up on a machine and made into paper. Papermaking is an important British industry, and paper from...
Đọc tiếp

Paper was invented by the Chinese in the first century A.D. The art of papermaking took 700 years to reach the Muslim world and another 700 years to get to Britain.

Most paper is made from wood. When the trees are cut down, they are carried by land or water to paper mills. Here they are cut up and the wood is broken up into fibers, mixed with water and chemicals. This wood pulp is then dried up on a machine and made into paper.

Papermaking is an important British industry, and paper from Britain is exported to South Africa, Australia and many other countries. Some of the wood used in British papermakingindustry comes from trees grown in Britain, but wood is also imported from other countries such as Norway. One tree is needed for every 400 copies of a forty-page newspaper. If half the adults in Britain each day buy one daily paper, this uses up over 40,000 trees a day. Trees are cut down faster than they can be replaced, so there may be a paper shortage before the year 2020.

Answer the questions:

1.Who was paper invented by?

-> …………………………………………………………………………………………..

2.What is paper made from?

-> …………………………………………………………………………………………..

3.What is the passage about?

-> ……...…………………………………………………………………………………..

Quan trọng là câu 3 nhé!!

1
9 tháng 1 2019

Paper was invented by the Chinese in the first century A.D. The art of papermaking took 700 years to reach the Muslim world and another 700 years to get to Britain.

Most paper is made from wood. When the trees are cut down, they are carried by land or water to paper mills. Here they are cut up and the wood is broken up into fibers, mixed with water and chemicals. This wood pulp is then dried up on a machine and made into paper.

Papermaking is an important British industry, and paper from Britain is exported to South Africa, Australia and many other countries. Some of the wood used in British papermakingindustry comes from trees grown in Britain, but wood is also imported from other countries such as Norway. One tree is needed for every 400 copies of a forty-page newspaper. If half the adults in Britain each day buy one daily paper, this uses up over 40,000 trees a day. Trees are cut down faster than they can be replaced, so there may be a paper shortage before the year 2020.

Answer the questions:

1.Who was paper invented by?

-> …………Paper was invented by the Chinese ………………………………………………………………………………..

2.What is paper made from?

-> ……………Most paper is made from wood.……………………………………………………………………………..

3.What is the passage about?

-> …….deforestation..……………………………………

I) Read the passage again then decide whether the statements are true(T) of false(F) Chu Van An high school is one of the oldest and most prestigious state schools in Viet Nam. Established in 1908 by the drench , the school was located beside the Wast lake , and was originally named after the location it was in . It is a very pleasant , spacious school with great views of the lake from the classroom windows. In 1943 , the school was moves to Ninh Binh , and was not moved back to Ha Noi until...
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I) Read the passage again then decide whether the statements are true(T) of false(F)

Chu Van An high school is one of the oldest and most prestigious state schools in Viet Nam. Established in 1908 by the drench , the school was located beside the Wast lake , and was originally named after the location it was in . It is a very pleasant , spacious school with great views of the lake from the classroom windows.

In 1943 , the school was moves to Ninh Binh , and was not moved back to Ha Noi until 1945. In that year, the school was renamed Chu Van An , after a famous Vietnamese Confucianism teacher of the Tran Dynasty. Professor Nguyen Gia Tuong becamr the first Vietnamese principal of the school . Many famous people like ex-prime Ministeer Pham Van Dong , Docter Ton That Tung , anf poet Xuan Dieu Used to be the school;s students
Today the school is still located in the same area , and has maintained its prestige, as well as its reputation as one of the top school in Ha Noi . It is very difficult to be admitted to the school . Every year , there are around three thousand applicants but only about five hundred are admitted. Those applicants have to take an entrance examination conducted by the Department of education and training of Ha Noi

1. Chu Van An high school is one the second oldest schools in Viet Nam __

2. It was moved to Ninh Binh in 1943__

3. It is very difficuld to be admintted to the school __

4. Wvery year, there are aroud three thousand applicants are admintted to the school___

5. The applicants have to take an entrance examination___

1
16 tháng 12 2018

I) Read the passage again then decide whether the statements are true(T) of false(F)

Chu Van An high school is one of the oldest and most prestigious state schools in Viet Nam. Established in 1908 by the drench , the school was located beside the Wast lake , and was originally named after the location it was in . It is a very pleasant , spacious school with great views of the lake from the classroom windows.

In 1943 , the school was moves to Ninh Binh , and was not moved back to Ha Noi until 1945. In that year, the school was renamed Chu Van An , after a famous Vietnamese Confucianism teacher of the Tran Dynasty. Professor Nguyen Gia Tuong becamr the first Vietnamese principal of the school . Many famous people like ex-prime Ministeer Pham Van Dong , Docter Ton That Tung , anf poet Xuan Dieu Used to be the school;s students
Today the school is still located in the same area , and has maintained its prestige, as well as its reputation as one of the top school in Ha Noi . It is very difficult to be admitted to the school . Every year , there are around three thousand applicants but only about five hundred are admitted. Those applicants have to take an entrance examination conducted by the Department of education and training of Ha Noi

1. Chu Van An high school is one the second oldest schools in Viet Nam __T

2. It was moved to Ninh Binh in 1943__T

3. It is very difficuld to be admitted to the school __T

4. Wvery year, there are aroud three thousand applicants are admintted to the school___T

5. The applicants have to take an entrance examination__T_

at sixteen, henry vincent was separated from his family as a result of the war. he wandered aimlessly from one country to another...1....... finally setting down in australia,.....2...... he was trained as an electronics engineer. he established his own business but it called for so much work that marriage was out of the.......3... his retirement suddenly ......4...... him realize how lonely he was and he decided to....5..... up a hobby, with his interest in electronics, amateur radio seemed a...
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at sixteen, henry vincent was separated from his family as a result of the war. he wandered aimlessly from one country to another...1....... finally setting down in australia,.....2...... he was trained as an electronics engineer. he established his own business but it called for so much work that marriage was out of the.......3...

his retirement suddenly ......4...... him realize how lonely he was and he decided to....5..... up a hobby, with his interest in electronics, amateur radio seemed a natural choice. he installed his own equipment and obtained a licence and his call sign, which is the set of letters and numbers used to identify oneself when making radio contact ....6..... other radio amateurs all over the world.

soon henry had a great many contacts in far-off places. one in particular was a man in california with....7...... he had much in common. one night the man in california happened to mention the village in europe he had come from. suddenly, henry realised that this man was, in fact, his younger brother, peter. at firrst, the two brothers were at a .....8...... for words but then little by little they filled .....9....... the details ở their past lives and not long afterwards henry vincent flew to california to .........10...... reunited with his brother.

1
7 tháng 1 2017

At sixteen Henry Vincent was separated from his family as a result of the war. He wandered aimlessly from one country to another 1 before finally settling down in Australia, 2 where he trained AS an electronics engineer. He established HIS own business but it called for so much work that marriage was out of the 3 question.
His retirement suddenly made him realise how lonely he was and he decided to 5 take up a hobby. Whit his interest in electronics, amateur radio seemed a natural choice. He installed his own equipment and obtained a license and his call sign, which is the set of letters and numbers used to identify oneself when making radio contact 6 with other radio amateurs all around the world.
Soon Henry had a lot of contacts in far-off places. One in particular was a man in California with 7 whom he had much in common. One night the man in California made to mention the village in Europe he had come from. Suddenly, Henry realised that this man was in fact his younger brother, Peter. At first, the two brothers were at a 8 loss for words but then little by little they filled 9 in the details of their past lives and not long afterwards Henry Vincent flew to California to 10 be reunited with his brother.

7 tháng 1 2017

Vũ Ngọc Mai kcj

Giup voi a Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0). A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily. B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days. C These messages could be sent very quickly. D The new...
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Giup voi a

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 ( )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( ). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 ( ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.

1
16 tháng 7 2018

Giup voi a

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( B) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.

Giúp mình vs ạ! Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0). A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily. B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days. C These messages could be sent very quickly. D...
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Giúp mình vs ạ!

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 ( )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( ). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 ( ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 ( ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.

1
16 tháng 7 2018

Read the text on the tight about the invention of semaphore. Five sentences have been removed. Choose from sentences A-F the one which fits each gap (l-4).There is one extra sentence which you do not need. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A Using ropes, these could be moved to form 49 different shapes that could be recognized easily.

B The main problem was that it could not be used during the night or on foggy days.

C These messages could be sent very quickly.

D The new republic faced enemies on all sides in the form of the forces of Britain, Austria, Holland, Prussia and Spain.

E In August 1794, it carried its first message, the news of Napoleon's victory at Le Quenoy.

F A system was built between London and the south coast, and other countries followed.

War has been called 'the mother of invention', and this was certainly true in the French Revolutionary wars in 1792. 1 | D | What the Revolutionary Government urgently needed was a reliable system of communication.

Claude Chappe, who was a priest and an engineer, had developed a telegraph system, but had not been able to test it fully. However, his brother Ignace was a member of the government, and arranged for Claude's system to be tested. It turned out to be a great success and started a new form of high-speed communication.

The two brothers had a series of towers built 5 to 10 km apart. At the top of each tower was a tall wooden mast, and they attached one horizontal and two vertical wooden beams to this mast. Claude called this system 'semaphore', which comes from the Greek meaning 'bearing a sign'. 2 (A )

Operators in each tower watched neighbouring towers through a telescope and then passed the message on to the next one in the line. The first line stretched from Paris to Lille, a distance of 2.40 km. 3 ( C). At an average speed of three signals a minute, it was carried in 20 minutes, more than 90 times faster than messengers on horseback.

Once the value of Chappe's system was understood, it soon became the standard method of communication in Europe. 4 (F ). By the time the electric telegraph was developed, France had more than 550 semaphore towers stretching 4,800km.

Unfortunately, Chappe's system had some disadvantages. 5 (B ) The towers were also expensive to maintain and the cost of staff was high. In the end, Chappe was depressed by these criticisms of his inventions and by claims from other engineers that they had invented semaphore, and he committed suicide in 1805.

Giải hộ tớ với các bạn iu :< Did you know that you do not have to be a chemist to invent something? An example of chemistry invention that was made by a non-scientist is Liquid Paper. In 1952, a divorced woman named Bette Nesmith Graham needed to work to support herself and her son. Life was very difficult for a single mother. [1] She soon found a job as a typist, but she was not very good at it. [2] She made a lot of errors typing leading her to formulate a white tempura paint to...
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Giải hộ tớ với các bạn iu :<

Did you know that you do not have to be a chemist to invent something? An example of chemistry invention that was made by a non-scientist is Liquid Paper. In 1952, a divorced woman named Bette Nesmith Graham needed to work to support herself and her son. Life was very difficult for a single mother. [1] She soon found a job as a typist, but she was not very good at it. [2] She made a lot of errors typing leading her to formulate a white tempura paint to hide them. [3] Using her kitchen as a laboratory, she developed a liquid that other people wanted to buy and use. She named this liquid “Mistake Out” [4]

While continuing to work as a secretary, she educated herself in business methods, promotion, and research until she was satisfied that the product she had developed was really worthwhile. Sometimes around 1952 she offered “Mistake Out” to IBM, which turned it down. From 1952 until 1979 she continued to make and sell “Mistake Out”, now renamed “Liquid Paper”, out of her home. In 1979, the Gillette Corporation bought “Liquid Paper” for $47.5 million dollars plus royalties.

Question 36: Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A. The Life of Bette Nesmith Graham B. The Process of Manufacturing “Liquid Paper”

C. How an Ordinary Person Became an Inventor D. The Importance of Science Education

Question 37: The author probably started this passage with a question in order to____.

A. catch the reader‟s attention

B. raise an objection against a non-scientist‟s invention

C. express curiosity about the history of invention

D. none of the above

Question 38:The word „formulate’ in bold in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to____.

A. use B. think about C. make D. correct

Question 39: What did Graham do at the same time that she educated herself in business?

A. She made and sold “Liquid Paper” B. She worked as a consultant for IBM

C. She worked as a secretary D. She continued inventing new products.

Question 40: What can be inferred abut Graham?

A. She was uninterested in science B. She was very determined to succeed

C. She was not ambitious D. She was a scientific genius.

Question 41:The word ‘it’ in bold in the second paragraph refers to___.

A. IBM B. „Mistake Out‟ C. research D. none of above

2
11 tháng 1 2020

Did you know that you do not have to be a chemist to invent something? An example of chemistry invention that was made by a non-scientist is Liquid Paper. In 1952, a divorced woman named Bette Nesmith Graham needed to work to support herself and her son. Life was very difficult for a single mother. [1] She soon found a job as a typist, but she was not very good at it. [2] She made a lot of errors typing leading her to formulate a white tempura paint to hide them. [3] Using her kitchen as a laboratory, she developed a liquid that other people wanted to buy and use. She named this liquid “Mistake Out” [4]

While continuing to work as a secretary, she educated herself in business methods, promotion, and research until she was satisfied that the product she had developed was really worthwhile. Sometimes around 1952 she offered “Mistake Out” to IBM, which turned it down. From 1952 until 1979 she continued to make and sell “Mistake Out”, now renamed “Liquid Paper”, out of her home. In 1979, the Gillette Corporation bought “Liquid Paper” for $47.5 million dollars plus royalties.

Question 36: Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A. The Life of Bette Nesmith Graham B. The Process of Manufacturing “Liquid Paper”

C. How an Ordinary Person Became an Inventor D. The Importance of Science Education

Question 37: The author probably started this passage with a question in order to____.

A. catch the reader‟s attention

B. raise an objection against a non-scientist‟s invention

C. express curiosity about the history of invention

D. none of the above

Question 38:The word „formulate’ in bold in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to____.

A. use B. think about C. make D. correct

Question 39: What did Graham do at the same time that she educated herself in business?

A. She made and sold “Liquid Paper” B. She worked as a consultant for IBM

C. She worked as a secretary D. She continued inventing new products.

Question 40: What can be inferred abut Graham?

A. She was uninterested in science B. She was very determined to succeed

C. She was not ambitious D. She was a scientific genius.

Question 41:The word ‘it’ in bold in the second paragraph refers to___.

A. IBM B. „Mistake Out‟ C. research D. none of above

11 tháng 1 2020

Did you know that you do not have to be a chemist to invent something? An example of chemistry invention that was made by a non-scientist is Liquid Paper. In 1952, a divorced woman named Bette Nesmith Graham needed to work to support herself and her son. Life was very difficult for a single mother. [1] She soon found a job as a typist, but she was not very good at it. [2] She made a lot of errors typing leading her to formulate a white tempura paint to hide them. [3] Using her kitchen as a laboratory, she developed a liquid that other people wanted to buy and use. She named this liquid “Mistake Out” [4]

While continuing to work as a secretary, she educated herself in business methods, promotion, and research until she was satisfied that the product she had developed was really worthwhile. Sometimes around 1952 she offered “Mistake Out” to IBM, which turned it down. From 1952 until 1979 she continued to make and sell “Mistake Out”, now renamed “Liquid Paper”, out of her home. In 1979, the Gillette Corporation bought “Liquid Paper” for $47.5 million dollars plus royalties.

Question 36: Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A. The Life of Bette Nesmith Graham B. The Process of Manufacturing “Liquid Paper”

C. How an Ordinary Person Became an Inventor D. The Importance of Science Education

Question 37: The author probably started this passage with a question in order to____.

A. catch the reader‟s attention

B. raise an objection against a non-scientist‟s invention

C. express curiosity about the history of invention

D. none of the above

Question 38:The word „formulate’ in bold in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to____.

A. use B. think about C. make D. correct

Question 39: What did Graham do at the same time that she educated herself in business?

A. She made and sold “Liquid Paper” B. She worked as a consultant for IBM

C. She worked as a secretary D. She continued inventing new products.

Question 40: What can be inferred abut Graham?

A. She was uninterested in science B. She was very determined to succeed

C. She was not ambitious D. She was a scientific genius.

Question 41:The word ‘it’ in bold in the second paragraph refers to___.

A. IBM B. „Mistake Out‟ C. research D. none of above

Millions of people use contact lenses worldwide. They were made to replace glasses and are very useful because sometimes glasses are inconvenient. In sports, for instance, many athletes wear contact lenses instead of using obnoxious sports goggles because they are much safer. Contact lenses can also be used to correct some conditions that glasses are not capable of fixing. People also use them if they want to change the color of their eyes. One can wear contact lenses every day, or they can be...
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Millions of people use contact lenses worldwide. They were made to replace glasses and are very useful because sometimes glasses are inconvenient. In sports, for instance, many athletes wear contact lenses instead of using obnoxious sports goggles because they are much safer. Contact lenses can also be used to correct some conditions that glasses are not capable of fixing. People also use them if they want to change the color of their eyes. One can wear contact lenses every day, or they can be used only once, for example, to have red eyes with a vampire costume.

The idea of wearing contact lenses for better vision was first thought of by Leonardo da Vinci in the 1500s. He made sketches but there is no evidence that his design was ever realized. Throughout the 1800s many scientists played with the idea of contact lenses but no one perfected the use of them. The first models were very uncomfortable so they could not be worn for long periods of time. They were not flexible and did not let oxygen get to the eyes so in some cases they caused more problems than they fixed. The earlier versions were also very fragile and expensive, which made them not usable for many people.

It wasn’t until the late 1900s that contact lenses started to be effective and affordable enough for everyone to use. They became more and more popular as people became aware that there was an alternative to wearing glasses. In recent years, people have been developing even more advanced contact lenses. Now they can not only fix poor vision, but can improve good vision. Although contact lenses have become extremely popular over the last few decades, laser technology now allows people to improve their eyesight through a relatively quick, inexpensive, and painless procedure. One day, this technology may phase out contact lenses.

77. The author’s main purpose is to

A. give a brief history of contact lenses

B. persuade readers of the convenience of contact lenses

C. explain how contact lenses improve people’s vision

D. prove the risk of wearing contact lenses for better looks

78. In line 16, the word alternative is closest in meaning to

A. option

B. upgrade

C. solution

D. purchase

79. In line 10, the word They refers to

A. the eyes

B. the scientists

C. the drawings

D. the first models

80. Why does the author mention athletes in the passage?

A. To explain that some sports do not allow glasses

B. To show that athletes are concerned for their health

C. To illustrate the development of today’s contact lenses

D. To give an example of the usefulness of contact lenses

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