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Lời giải:
$D=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{2}{4^2}+\frac{3}{4^3}+......+\frac{2018}{4^{2018}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}$
$4D=1+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{4^2}+....+\frac{2018}{4^{2017}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}$
Trừ theo vế:
\(3D=1+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+....+\frac{1}{4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow 12D=4+1+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+....+\frac{1}{4^{2017}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}\)
Trừ theo vế:
$9D=4-\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}-\frac{1}{4^{2018}}$
$=4-\frac{6061}{4^{2019}}< 4$
$\Rightarrow D< \frac{4}{9}<\frac{4}{8}$ hay $D< \frac{1}{2}$ (đpcm)
\(D=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{2}{4^2}+\frac{3}{4^3}+\frac{4}{4^4}+...+\frac{2018}{4^{2018}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4D=1+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{4^2}+\frac{4}{4^3}+...+\frac{2018}{4^{2017}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4D-D=1+\frac{2}{4}+\frac{3}{4^2}+\frac{4}{4^3}+...+\frac{2018}{4^{2017}}+\frac{2019}{4^{2018}}\)
\(-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{2}{4^2}-\frac{3}{4^3}-\frac{4}{4^4}-...-\frac{2018}{4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3D=1+\left(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\right)-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
Đặt \(M=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+\frac{1}{4^4}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4M=1+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2017}}\)
\(\Rightarrow4M-M=1+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{4^3}+...+\frac{1}{4^{2017}}\)
\(-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{4^2}-\frac{1}{4^3}-\frac{1}{4^4}-...-\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3M=1-\frac{1}{4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow M=\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3.4^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3D=1+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{3.4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3D=\frac{4}{3}-\frac{1}{3.4^{2018}}-\frac{2019}{4^{2019}}< \frac{4}{3}\)
\(\Rightarrow D< \frac{4}{9}=\frac{40}{90}< \frac{45}{90}=\frac{1}{2}\left(đpcm\right)\)
B= \(\frac{2\cdot2018}{1+\frac{1}{1+2}+\frac{1}{1+2+3}+\frac{1}{1+2+3+4}+...+\frac{1}{1+2+3+...+2018}}\)
Ta có:
\(1+\frac{1}{1+2}+\frac{1}{1+2+3}+\frac{1}{1+2+3+4}+...+\frac{1}{1+2+3+...+2018}\)
\(=1+\frac{1}{\frac{3.2}{2}}+\frac{1}{\frac{3.4}{2}}+\frac{1}{\frac{4.5}{2}}+...+\frac{1}{\frac{2018.2019}{2}}\)
\(=1+\frac{2}{2.3}+\frac{2}{3.4}+\frac{2}{4.5}+...+\frac{2}{2018.2019}\)
\(=\frac{2}{2}+2\left(\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{3.4}+\frac{1}{4.5}+...+\frac{1}{2018.2019}\right)\)
\(=2\left(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{5}+...+\frac{1}{2018}-\frac{1}{2019}\right)\)
\(=2\left(1-\frac{1}{2019}\right)=\frac{2.2018}{2019}\)
=> B= \(\frac{2\cdot2018}{1+\frac{1}{1+2}+\frac{1}{1+2+3}+\frac{1}{1+2+3+4}+...+\frac{1}{1+2+3+...+2018}}=\frac{2.2018}{\frac{2.2018}{2019}}=2019\)
\(CM:\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2017^2}+\frac{1}{2018^2}< \frac{3}{4}\)
\(=\frac{1}{2^2+3^2+4^2+...+2017^2+2018^2}\)
\(=\frac{1}{4044}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{4044}< \frac{3}{4}\)
P/s: Ko chắc đâu nhé
\(\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+...+\frac{1}{2018^2}< \frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2\cdot3}+\frac{1}{3\cdot4}+...+\frac{1}{2017\cdot2018}\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+...+\frac{1}{2017}-\frac{1}{2018}\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{2018}\)
\(=\frac{3}{4}-\frac{1}{2018}< \frac{3}{4}\)
\(=>\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...+\frac{1}{2018^2}< \frac{3}{4}\)
ta có B= 1/2018+2/2017+3/2016+...+2017/2+2018/1
=> B=1+1+1+..+1( 2018 số hạng 1)+ 1/2018+..+2017/2
=> B= (1+1/2018)+(1+2/2017)+(1+3/2016)+...+(1+2017/2)+ 2019/2019
=> B= 2019 *(1/2+1/3+...+1/2019)
=> A/B= (1/2+1/3+...+1/2019)/2019*(1/2+1/3+..+1/2019)
=> A/B= 1/2019