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a) \(\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{2}{3!}+...+\dfrac{2018}{2019!}\\ =\left(\dfrac{1}{1!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{1}{2018!}-\dfrac{1}{2019!}\right)\\ =1-\dfrac{1}{2019!}< 1\)
b) \(\dfrac{1\cdot2-1}{2!}+\dfrac{2\cdot3-1}{3!}+...+\dfrac{999\cdot1000-1}{1000!}\\ =\dfrac{1\cdot2}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{2\cdot3}{3!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}+...+\dfrac{999-1000}{1000!}-\dfrac{1}{1000!}\\ =\dfrac{1}{1!}-\dfrac{1}{2!}+\dfrac{1}{1!}-\dfrac{1}{3!}+\dfrac{1}{2!}-\dfrac{1}{4!}+...+\dfrac{1}{999!}+\dfrac{1}{1000!}\\ =1+1-\dfrac{1}{1000!}\\ =2-\dfrac{1}{1000!}< 2\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}+\dfrac{1}{3^{2019}}\)
\(3A=1+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{2017}}+\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
\(3A-A=\left(1+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{2019}}\right)\)
\(2A=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{2019}}\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2\cdot3^{2019}}< \dfrac{1}{2}\) (DPCM)
\(3A=1+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{3^{2017}}+\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
\(\Rightarrow3A-A=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A=1-\dfrac{1}{3^{2019}}\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2.3^{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2}\)
a: \(=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(-21-\dfrac{1}{3}+1+\dfrac{1}{3}\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}\cdot\left(-20\right)=-30\)
b: \(=\dfrac{2018}{2019}\left(13-13-\dfrac{2018}{2019}-\dfrac{1}{2019}\right)=-\dfrac{2018}{2019}\)
a: \(\Leftrightarrow-\dfrac{23}{5}\cdot\dfrac{50}{23}< x< \dfrac{-13}{5}:\dfrac{21}{15}=\dfrac{-13}{5}\cdot\dfrac{5}{7}=\dfrac{-13}{7}\)
=>-10<x<-13/7
hay \(x\in\left\{-9;-8;-7;-6;-5;-4;-3;-2\right\}\)
b: \(\Leftrightarrow-\dfrac{13}{3}\cdot\dfrac{1}{3}< x< \dfrac{-2}{3}\cdot\dfrac{4-3-9}{12}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow-\dfrac{13}{9}< x< \dfrac{4}{9}\)
mà x là số nguyên
nên \(x\in\left\{-1;0\right\}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{3}B=\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}.....\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
\(B-\dfrac{1}{3}B=\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}...\dfrac{1}{3^{2017}}\right)-\left(\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^3}...\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\right)\)
\(\dfrac{2}{3}B=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\)
\(B=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{3}{2}.\dfrac{1}{3^{2018}}\) <\(\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Theo bài ra, ta có: \(B=\dfrac{2018}{1}+\dfrac{2017}{2}+\dfrac{2016}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2018}\)
\(B=\left(\dfrac{2018}{1}+1\right)+\left(\dfrac{2017}{2}+1\right)+\left(\dfrac{2016}{3}+1\right)+...+\left(\dfrac{1}{2018}+1\right)-2018\)
\(B=2019+\dfrac{2019}{2}+\dfrac{2019}{3}+...+\dfrac{2019}{2018}-2018\)
\(B=\dfrac{2019}{2}+\dfrac{2019}{3}+...+\dfrac{2019}{2018}+\left(2019-2018\right)\)
\(B=\dfrac{2019}{2}+\dfrac{2019}{3}+...+\dfrac{2019}{2018}+1\)
\(B=\dfrac{2019}{2}+\dfrac{2019}{3}+...+\dfrac{2019}{2018}+\dfrac{2019}{2019}\)
\(B=2019\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2019}\right)\)
Khi đó:\(\dfrac{B}{A}=\dfrac{2019\left(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2019}\right)}{\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2019}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{B}{A}=2019\), là 1 số nguyên.
Vậy \(\dfrac{B}{A}\) là số nguyên.
Đặt \(A=\frac{1}{2^3}+\frac{1}{3^3}+...+\frac{1}{2019^3}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A=\frac{2}{2^3}+\frac{2}{3^3}+...+\frac{2}{2019^3}\)
Ta có:
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\frac{2}{2^3}< \frac{2}{1.2.3}\\\frac{2}{3^3}< \frac{1}{2.3.4}\\....\\\frac{2}{2019^3}< \frac{2}{\left(2019-1\right).2019.\left(2019+1\right)}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow2A< \frac{2}{1.2.3}+\frac{2}{2.3.4}+...+\frac{2}{\left(2019-1\right).2019.\left(2019+1\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A< \frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2.3}+\frac{1}{2.3}-\frac{1}{3.4}+...+\frac{1}{\left(2019-1\right).2019}-\frac{1}{2019.\left(2019+1\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A< \frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2019.\left(2019+1\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow2A< \frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{2019.2020}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \left(\frac{1}{1.2}-\frac{1}{4078380}\right):2\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{1.2}:2-\frac{1}{4078380}:2\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{8156760}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{2^2}-\frac{1}{8156760}\)
Vì \(\frac{1}{2^2}-\frac{1}{8156760}< \frac{1}{2^2}.\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \frac{1}{2^2}\left(đpcm\right).\)
Chúc bạn học tốt!