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Xét dãy số: 2; 3; 4;...; 2023
Dãy số trên là dãy số cách đều với khoảng cách là: 2 - 1 = 1
Số số hạng của dãy số trên là: (2023 - 2) : 1 + 1 = 2022
Vì \(\dfrac{3}{2^2}\) = \(\dfrac{3}{4}\) < 1 ; \(\dfrac{8}{3^2}\) = \(\dfrac{3^2-1}{3^2}\) < 1;...; \(\dfrac{2023^2-1}{2023^2}\) < 1
Vậy A là tổng của 2022 phân số mã mỗi phân số đều nhỏ hơn 1
⇒ A < 1 x 2022 = 2022 (1)
Mặt khác ta có:
A = \(\dfrac{3}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{8}{3^2}\) + \(\dfrac{15}{4^2}\) + \(\dfrac{2023^2-1}{2023^2}\)
A = 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) + ... + 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\)
A = (1 + 1 + 1+ ...+ 1) - (\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\)+...+ \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\))
A = 2022 - (\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) + .... + \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\))
Đặt B = \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) + \(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) + .... + \(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{1}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{3^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{2.3}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{2}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{4^2}\) < \(\dfrac{1}{3.4}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{3}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{4}\)
............................
\(\dfrac{1}{2023^2}\)< \(\dfrac{1}{2022.2023}\) = \(\dfrac{1}{2022}\) - \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
Cộng vế với vế ta có:
B < 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
⇒ - B > -1 + \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\)
⇒ A = 2022 - B > 2022 - 1 + \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\) = 2021 + \(\dfrac{1}{2023}\) ⇒ A > 2021 (2)
Kết hợp (1) và (2) ta có:
2021 < A < 2022
Vậy A không phải là số tự nhiên (đpcm)
A = 3. \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}\) - 5. \(\dfrac{1}{2.3}\) + 7. \(\dfrac{1}{3.4}\) + ... + 15. \(\dfrac{1}{7.8}\) -17 . \(\dfrac{1}{8.9}\)
Đặt \(B=\dfrac{1}{1\cdot2}+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot3}+\dfrac{1}{3\cdot4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007\cdot2008}\)
Ta có:
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{2008^2}< \)\(B=\dfrac{1}{1\cdot2}+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007\cdot2008}\left(1\right)\)
Lại có: \(B=\dfrac{1}{1\cdot2}+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot3}+\dfrac{1}{3\cdot4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007\cdot2008}\)
\(=1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}-\dfrac{1}{2008}\)
\(=1-\dfrac{1}{2008}< 1\left(2\right)\)
Từ \(\left(1\right);\left(2\right)\) ta có \(A< B< 1\Rightarrow A< 1\)
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+....+\dfrac{1}{2008^2}\)
A<\(\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007.2008}\)
A<\(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{2007}-\dfrac{1}{2008}\)
A<\(1-\dfrac{1}{2008}\)
A<\(\dfrac{2007}{2008}< 1\)
=> A<1
Vậy A<1
\(D=\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{10^2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D=\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+\dfrac{1}{4.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{10.10}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D< \dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9.10}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D< \dfrac{2-1}{1.2}+\dfrac{3-2}{2.3}+\dfrac{4-3}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{10-9}{9.10}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D< 1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{10}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D< 1-\dfrac{1}{10}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D< \dfrac{9}{10}< \dfrac{10}{10}=1\)
\(\Leftrightarrow D< 1\left(đpcm\right)\)
Giải
Ta có : \(\dfrac{1}{2^2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3^2}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};\dfrac{1}{4^2}< \dfrac{1}{3.4};...;\dfrac{1}{20^2}< \dfrac{1}{19.20}\)
\(\Rightarrow\)D < \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19.20}\)
Nhận xét: \(\dfrac{1}{1.2}=1-\dfrac{1}{2};\dfrac{1}{2.3}=\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3};\dfrac{1}{3.4}=\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4};...;\dfrac{1}{19.20}=\dfrac{1}{19}-\dfrac{1}{20}\)
\(\Rightarrow\) D< 1- \(\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{19}-\dfrac{1}{20}\)
D< 1 - \(\dfrac{1}{20}\)
D< \(\dfrac{19}{20}\)<1
\(\Rightarrow\)D< 1
Vậy D=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{5^2}\)<1
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{4^2}+\dfrac{1}{6^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{100^2}\)
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2.1}+\dfrac{1}{2^2.2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2.2^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{50^2.2^2}\)
A=\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{50^2}\right)\)
\(A=\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{2.2}+\dfrac{1}{3.3}+...+\dfrac{1}{50.50}\right)\)
Ta có :
\(\dfrac{1}{2.2}< \dfrac{1}{1.2};\dfrac{1}{3.3}< \dfrac{1}{2.3};\dfrac{1}{4.4}< \dfrac{1}{3.4};...;\dfrac{1}{50.50}< \dfrac{1}{49.50}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{1.2}+\dfrac{1}{2.3}+\dfrac{1}{3.4}+...+\dfrac{1}{49.50}\right)\)Nhận xét :
\(\dfrac{1}{1.2}< 1-\dfrac{1}{2};\dfrac{1}{2.3}< \dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3};...;\dfrac{1}{49.50}< \dfrac{1}{49}-\dfrac{1}{50}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}-\dfrac{1}{4}+...+\dfrac{1}{49}-\dfrac{1}{50}\right)\)
A<\(\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{50}\right)\)
A<\(\dfrac{1}{4}.\dfrac{49}{50}\)<1
A<\(\dfrac{49}{200}< \dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow A< \dfrac{1}{2}\)
3. Gọi d là ƯCLN(2n + 3, 4n + 8), d ∈ N*
\(\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}2n+3⋮d\\4n+8⋮d\end{cases}\Rightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}2\left(2n+3\right)⋮d\\4n+8⋮d\end{cases}\Rightarrow}\hept{\begin{cases}4n+6⋮d\\4n+8⋮d\end{cases}}}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(4n+8\right)-\left(4n+6\right)⋮d\)
\(\Rightarrow2⋮d\)
\(\Rightarrow d\in\left\{1;2\right\}\)
Mà 2n + 3 không chia hết cho 2
\(\Rightarrow d=1\)
\(\RightarrowƯCLN\left(2n+3,4n+8\right)=1\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{2n+3}{4n+8}\) là phân số tối giản.
A=\(\dfrac{2}{7}+\dfrac{-3}{8}+\dfrac{11}{7}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{7}+\dfrac{5}{-3}\)
A=\(\left(\dfrac{2}{7}+\dfrac{11}{7}+\dfrac{1}{7}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{5}{-3}\right)+\dfrac{-3}{8}\)
A=\(2+\dfrac{-4}{3}+\dfrac{-3}{8}\)
A=\(\dfrac{7}{24}\)
B=\(\left(\dfrac{3}{17}+\dfrac{14}{17}\right)+\left(\dfrac{-18}{35}+\dfrac{17}{-35}\right)+\left(\dfrac{-5}{13}+\dfrac{-8}{13}\right)\)
B=\(\dfrac{17}{17}+\dfrac{-35}{35}+\dfrac{-13}{13}\)
B=\(1+\left(-1\right)+\left(-1\right)=-1\)
C=\(\dfrac{-3}{17}+\left(\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{3}{17}\right)\)
C=\(\dfrac{-3}{17}+\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{3}{17}=\left(\dfrac{-3}{17}+\dfrac{3}{17}\right)+\dfrac{2}{3}\)
C=0+\(\dfrac{2}{3}=\dfrac{2}{3}\)
D=\(\left(\dfrac{-1}{6}+\dfrac{5}{-12}\right)+\dfrac{7}{12}\)
D=\(\dfrac{-1}{6}+\dfrac{5}{-12}+\dfrac{7}{12}\)
D=\(\dfrac{-2}{12}+\dfrac{-5}{12}+\dfrac{7}{12}=\left(\dfrac{-2}{12}+\dfrac{-5}{12}\right)+\dfrac{7}{12}\)
D=\(\dfrac{-7}{12}+\dfrac{7}{12}=0\)
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