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a) Vế trái \(=\dfrac{1.3.5...39}{21.22.23...40}=\dfrac{1.3.5.7...21.23...39}{21.22.23....40}=\dfrac{1.3.5.7...19}{22.24.26...40}\)
\(=\dfrac{1.3.5.7....19}{2.11.2.12.2.13.2.14.2.15.2.16.2.17.2.18.2.19.2.20}\\ =\dfrac{1.3.5.7.9.....19}{\left(1.3.5.7.9...19\right).2^{20}}=\dfrac{1}{2^{20}}\left(đpcm\right)\)
b) Vế trái
\(=\dfrac{1.3.5...\left(2n-1\right)}{\left(n+1\right).\left(n+2\right).\left(n+3\right)...2n}\\ =\dfrac{1.2.3.4.5.6...\left(2n-1\right).2n}{2.4.6...2n.\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)...2n}\\ =\dfrac{1.2.3.4...\left(2n-1\right).2n}{2^n.1.2.3.4...n.\left(n+1\right)\left(n+2\right)...2n}\\ =\dfrac{1}{2^n}.\\ \left(đpcm\right)\)
\(S=\dfrac{1}{2^2}\left(\dfrac{1}{2^2}+\dfrac{1}{3^2}+...+\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)\)
=>\(S< =\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3}+...+\dfrac{1}{n-1}-\dfrac{1}{n}\right)\)
=>\(S< =\dfrac{1}{4}\cdot\left(1-\dfrac{1}{n}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}\cdot\dfrac{n-1}{n}< =\dfrac{1}{4}\)
Lời giải:
\(M=\frac{1.2.3.4.5.6.7...(2n-1)}{2.4.6...(2n-2).(n+1)(n+2)....2n}=\frac{(2n-1)!}{2.1.2.2.2.3...2(n-1).(n+1).(n+2)...2n}\)
\(=\frac{(2n-1)!}{2^{n-1}.1.2...(n-1).(n+1).(n+2)....2n}=\frac{(2n-1)!}{2^{n-1}.1.2...(n-1).n(n+1)..(2n-1).2}\)
\(=\frac{(2n-1)!}{2^{n-1}.(2n-1)!.2}=\frac{1}{2^{n-1}.2}<\frac{1}{2^{n-1}}\)
Ta có đpcm.
\(1^2+2^2+...+n^2=1+2\left(1+1\right)+...+n\left(n-1+1\right)=1+2+1.2+3+2.3+...+n+\left(n-1\right)n\)
\(=\left(1+2+3+...+n\right)+\left[1.2+2.3+...+\left(n-1\right)n\right]=\dfrac{\left(n+1\right)\left(\dfrac{n-1}{1}+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3+2.3.3+...+\left(n-1\right)n.3}{3}=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3+2.3.\left(4-1\right)+...+\left(n-1\right)n\left[\left(n+1\right)-\left(n-2\right)\right]}{3}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{1.2.3-1.2.3+2.3.4-...-\left(n-2\right)\left(n-1\right)n+\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{3}\)
\(=\dfrac{n\left(n+1\right)}{2}+\dfrac{\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{3}=\dfrac{3n\left(n+1\right)+2\left(n-1\right)n\left(n+1\right)}{6}=\dfrac{2n^3+3n^2+n}{6}=\dfrac{1}{3}n^3+\dfrac{1}{2}n^2+\dfrac{1}{6}n=\dfrac{1}{3}n\left(n^2+\dfrac{3}{2}n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)=\dfrac{1}{3}n\left(n+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)\left(n+1\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}=\dfrac{n+1}{n\left(n+1\right)}-\dfrac{n}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{n+1-n}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{n+1-n}{n\left(n+1\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+1}\)(đpcm)
\(\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+k}=\dfrac{n+k}{n\left(n+k\right)}-\dfrac{n}{n\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{n+k-n}{n\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{k}{n\left(n+k\right)}\)
\(\dfrac{k}{n\cdot\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{n+k-n}{n\left(n+k\right)}=\dfrac{1}{n}-\dfrac{1}{n+k}\)(đpcm)
\(\dfrac{1}{2.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.8}+\dfrac{1}{8.11}+...+\dfrac{1}{\left(3n-1\right)\left(3n+2\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{3}{2.5}+\dfrac{3}{5.8}+\dfrac{3}{8.11}+...+\dfrac{3}{\left(3n-1\right)\left(3n+2\right)}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{8}+...+\dfrac{1}{3n-1}-\dfrac{1}{3n+2}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}{3n+2}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\left(\dfrac{3n+2}{6n+4}-\dfrac{2}{6n+4}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{3}.\dfrac{3n}{6n+4}\)
\(=\dfrac{n}{6n+4}\) ( đpcm )
Vậy...
$\frac{1.3.5...(2n-1)}{(n+1)(n+2)...(n+n)}=\frac{1}{2^n}(*)$
Với $n=1$ thì $(*)\Leftrightarrow \frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2}$
Vậy $(*)$ đúng với $n=1$
Giả sử với $n=k$,$ k\in \mathbb{N^*}$ thì $(*)$ đúng, tức là:
$\frac{1.3.5...(2k-1)}{(k+1)(k+2)...(k+k)}=\frac{1}{2^k}$
Ta cần chứng minh với $n=k+1$ thì $(*)$ đúng, tức là:
$\frac{1.3.5...(2k+1)}{(k+2)(k+3)...(2k+2)}=\frac{1}{2^{k+1}}=\frac{1}{2^k}.\frac{1}{2}$
$\Leftrightarrow \frac{1.3.5...(2k+1)}{(k+2)(k+3)...(2k+2)}=\frac{1.3.5...(2k-1)}{2(k+1)(k+2)...(k+k)}$
$\Leftrightarrow \frac{1.3.5...(2k-1)2k(2k+1)}{(k+2)(k+3)...2k(2k+1)(2k+2)}=\frac{1.3.5...(2k-1)}{2(k+1)(k+2)...2k}$
$\Leftrightarrow \frac{2k(2k+1)}{2k(2k+1)(2k+2)}=\frac{1}{2(k+1)}$
$\Leftrightarrow \frac{1}{(2k+2)}=\frac{1}{2(k+1)}$
Do đó với $n=k+1$ thì $(*)$ đúng
$\Rightarrow \frac{1.3.5...(2n-1)}{(n+1)(n+2)...(n+n)}=\frac{1}{2^n}$
Ta có:
\(\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+2}=\frac{n+2}{n\left(n+2\right)}-\frac{n}{n\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{n+2-n}{n\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{2}{n\left(n+2\right)}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{2}{n\left(n+2\right)}=\frac{1}{n}-\frac{1}{n+2}\)