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\(\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{MB}=\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{AB}=-\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{AB}\Rightarrow2\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{AB}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AN}=2\overrightarrow{ND}=2\left(\overrightarrow{NA}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)=-2\overrightarrow{AN}+2\overrightarrow{AD}\Rightarrow3\overrightarrow{AN}=2\overrightarrow{AD}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AN}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
Do K là trung điểm MN
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AK}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AM}+\overrightarrow{AN}\right)=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
Theo tính chất hbh: \(\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\)
Do O là tâm hình bình hành \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AO}=\overrightarrow{OC}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
Mà H là trung điểm OC \(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{OH}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{OC}=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AH}=\overrightarrow{AO}+\overrightarrow{OH}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{KH}=\overrightarrow{KA}+\overrightarrow{AH}=-\overrightarrow{AK}+\overrightarrow{AH}\)
\(=-\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AD}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{5}{12}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AN}=2\overrightarrow{ND}\)
=>A,N,D thẳng hàng và AN=2ND
ABCD là hình bình hành tâm O
=>O là trung điểm chung của AC và BD
H là trung điểm của OC
nên HO=HC=1/2CO
=>\(HO=HC=\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot CA=\dfrac{1}{4}CA\)
\(\overrightarrow{AM}=\overrightarrow{MB}\)
=>AM=MB và M nằm giữa A và B
=>M là trung điểm của AB
AN+ND=AD
=>2ND+ND=AD
=>AD=3ND
=>AN/AD=2/3
=>\(\overrightarrow{AN}=\dfrac{2}{3}\cdot\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{KH}=\overrightarrow{KM}+\overrightarrow{MH}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{NM}+\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{CH}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{NA}+\overrightarrow{AM}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{CA}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\overrightarrow{CD}+\overrightarrow{CB}\right)\)
\(=-\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}-\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{5}{12}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
Cách 1:
Gọi O là giao điểm của AC và BD.
Ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AG} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BG} = \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow {BG} ;\\\overrightarrow {CG} = \overrightarrow {CB} + \overrightarrow {BG} = \overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {BG} = - \overrightarrow b + \overrightarrow {BG} ;\end{array}\)(*)
Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BD} =\overrightarrow {BA} + \overrightarrow {AD} = - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b \).
\(\overrightarrow {BG} ,\overrightarrow {BD} \) cùng phương và \(\left| {\overrightarrow {BG} } \right| = \frac{2}{3}BO = \frac{1}{3}\left| {\overrightarrow {BD} } \right|\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {BG} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BD} = \frac{1}{3}\left( { - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right)\)
Do đó (*) \( \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AG} = \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow {BG} = \overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\left( { - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right) = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\\\overrightarrow {CG} = -\overrightarrow b + \overrightarrow {BG} = -\overrightarrow b + \frac{1}{3}\left( { - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right) = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\end{array} \right.\)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\;\overrightarrow {CG} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b .\)
Cách 2:
Gọi AE, CF là các trung tuyến trong tam giác ABC.
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow {AG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AE} = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left[ {\overrightarrow {AB} + \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} } \right)} \right] \\= \frac{1}{3}\left( {2\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right) = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
\(\overrightarrow {CG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {CF} = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left( {\overrightarrow {CA} + \overrightarrow {CB} } \right) = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left[ {\left( {\overrightarrow {CB} + \overrightarrow {CD} } \right) + \overrightarrow {CB} } \right] = \frac{1}{3}\left( {2\overrightarrow {CB} + \overrightarrow {CD} } \right) = \frac{1}{3}\left( { - 2\overrightarrow {AD} - \overrightarrow {AB} } \right) = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\;\overrightarrow {CG} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b .\)
Gọi M là trung điểm EF
\(\overrightarrow{BM}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BE}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BF}=-\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{CF}\right)\)
\(=-\dfrac{3}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}-\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}=-\dfrac{7}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{BG}=\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{BM}=-\dfrac{7}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AG}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BG}=-\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{DG}=\overrightarrow{DA}+\overrightarrow{AG}=-\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{AG}=-\dfrac{1}{6}\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{NC}=2\overrightarrow{ND}=2\overrightarrow{NC}+2\overrightarrow{CD}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{NC}=2\overrightarrow{DC}\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{CN}=2\overrightarrow{CD}\)
a.
\(\overrightarrow{DM}=\overrightarrow{DC}+\overrightarrow{CM}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{CB}=\overrightarrow{AB}-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\overrightarrow{MN}=\overrightarrow{MC}+\overrightarrow{CN}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BC}+2\overrightarrow{CD}=-2\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AD}\)
b.
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\overrightarrow{AC}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\\\overrightarrow{BD}=\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AD}=-\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\overrightarrow{AB}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BD}\\\overrightarrow{AD}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BD}\end{matrix}\right.\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{MN}=-2\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}-\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BD}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{BD}\right)=-\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{5}{4}\overrightarrow{BD}\)
Lời giải:
** Điểm G không có vai trò gì trong bài toán
\(\overrightarrow{BI}=\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{DI}=(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{BC})+\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{DC}\)
\(=-\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}+\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{AD}-\frac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AB}\)
HD: \(\overrightarrow{BC}=\frac{-2}{3}\overrightarrow{AM}+\frac{4}{3}\overrightarrow{AN};\overrightarrow{CD}=\frac{-4}{3}\overrightarrow{AM}+\frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow{AN}\)
\(a,\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{DA}+\overrightarrow{CD}=\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CD}=\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{0}=\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(b,\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AO}+\overrightarrow{AB}}{2}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AB}}{2}+\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AC}}{2}=\overrightarrow{\dfrac{AB}{2}}+\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=\overrightarrow{\dfrac{AB}{2}}+\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}}{4}=\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}+\dfrac{\overrightarrow{BC}}{4}=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{BC}+\dfrac{3}{4}\overrightarrow{AB}\left(1\right)\)
\(\overrightarrow{AN}=\overrightarrow{BN}-\overrightarrow{BA}=k.\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{AB}\left(2\right)\)
\(\left(1\right)\left(2\right)A,M,N\) \(thẳng\) \(hàng\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{k}{\dfrac{1}{4}}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{3}{4}}\Leftrightarrow k=\dfrac{1}{3}\)