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Bài toán quy về 2 bài toán nhỏ hơn!
Cho các số dương ab + bc +ca = 1.
a) Tìm Max: \(M=\frac{2a}{\sqrt{1+a^2}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{1+b^2}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{1+c^2}}\)
(Lời giải tại: Câu hỏi của Nguyễn Linh Chi. Bài làm của anh Thắng, trong lời giải có phần giống với đề bên trên.)
b) Tìm Min: \(N=a^2+28b^2+28c^2\)
Có: \(N=\frac{1}{4}\left(2a-7b-7c\right)^2+\frac{63}{4}\left(b-c\right)^2+7\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\ge7\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=7\)
Từ đó tìm được \(P\le\frac{9}{4}-7=-\frac{19}{4}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=\frac{7}{\sqrt{15}};b=c=\frac{1}{\sqrt{15}}\)
Với ab + bc + ca = 1 và áp dụng BĐT AM - GM, ta được:
\(\frac{2a}{\sqrt{1+a^2}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{1+b^2}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{1+c^2}}\)\(\frac{2a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+bc+ca}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+ab+bc+ca}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+ab+bc+ca}}\)
\(=\frac{2a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{\left(b+a\right)\left(b+c\right)}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\frac{2a}{a+b}.\frac{2a}{a+c}}+\sqrt{\frac{2b}{a+b}.\frac{b}{2\left(b+c\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{2c}{a+c}.\frac{c}{2\left(b+c\right)}}\)
\(\le\frac{\frac{2a}{a+b}+\frac{2a}{a+c}}{2}+\frac{\frac{2b}{a+b}+\frac{b}{2\left(b+c\right)}}{2}+\frac{\frac{2c}{a+c}+\frac{c}{2\left(b+c\right)}}{2}\)
\(=\frac{\frac{2\left(a+b\right)}{a+b}+\frac{2\left(a+c\right)}{a+c}+\frac{b+c}{2\left(b+c\right)}}{2}=\frac{2+2+\frac{1}{2}}{2}=\frac{9}{4}\)(*)
Mặt khác, cũng theo AM - GM, ta có:
\(\frac{a^2}{2}+\frac{49b^2}{2}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{2}.\frac{49b^2}{2}}=7ab\)(1)
\(\frac{a^2}{2}+\frac{49c^2}{2}\ge2\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{2}.\frac{49c^2}{2}}=7ac\)(2)
\(\frac{7}{2}\left(b^2+c^2\right)\ge\frac{7}{2}.2\sqrt{b^2c^2}=7bc\)(3)
Cộng theo từng vế của 3 BĐT (1), (2), (3), ta được:
\(\frac{2a^2+56b^2+56c^2}{2}\ge7\left(ab+bc+ca\right)=7\)
hay \(a^2+28b^2+28c^2\ge7\)(**)
Từ (*) và (**) suy ra \(P=\frac{2a}{\sqrt{1+a^2}}+\frac{b}{\sqrt{1+b^2}}+\frac{c}{\sqrt{1+c^2}}-a^2-28b^2-28c^2\)
\(\le\frac{9}{4}-7=\frac{-19}{4}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=\frac{7}{\sqrt{15}};b=c=\frac{1}{\sqrt{15}}\)
Ta có:
\(P=\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{c^2-ca+a^2}}\)
\(=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\left(a-b\right)^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\left(b+c\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\left(b-c\right)^2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\left(c+a\right)^2+\frac{3}{4}\left(c-a\right)^2}}\)
\(\le2\left(\frac{1}{a+b}+\frac{1}{b+c}+\frac{1}{c+a}\right)\)
\(\le2.\frac{1}{4}.\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{c}+\frac{1}{a}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=3\)
Xét biểu thức \(\frac{1}{a+2}+\frac{1}{b+2}+\frac{1}{c+2}\)
\(=\frac{\left(a+2\right)\left(b+2\right)+\left(b+2\right)\left(c+2\right)+\left(c+2\right)\left(a+2\right)}{\left(a+2\right)\left(b+2\right)\left(c+2\right)}\)
\(=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+12}{abc+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+8}\)
\(=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+12}{\left(abc+ab+bc+ca\right)+\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+8}\)
\(=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+12}{4+\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+8}\)(Do \(ab+bc+ca+abc=4\)theo giả thiết)
\(=\frac{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+12}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)+4\left(a+b+c\right)+12}=1\)(***)
Với x,y dương ta có 2 bất đẳng thức phụ sau:
\(2\left(x^2+y^2\right)\ge\left(x+y\right)^2\)(*)
\(\frac{1}{x+y}\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\right)\)(**)
Áp dụng (*) và (**), ta có:
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\left(a^2+b^2\right)}+4}\le\frac{1}{a+b+4}=\frac{1}{\left(a+2\right)+\left(b+2\right)}\)
\(\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{a+2}+\frac{1}{b+2}\right)\)(1)
Tương tự ta có: \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\left(b^2+c^2\right)}+4}\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{b+2}+\frac{1}{c+2}\right)\)(2)
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\left(c^2+a^2\right)}+4}\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{1}{c+2}+\frac{1}{a+2}\right)\)(3)
Cộng từng vế của các bất đẳng thức (1), (2), (3), ta được:
\(P\le\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{a+2}+\frac{1}{b+2}+\frac{1}{c+2}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\)(theo (***))
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c\)
\(\sqrt{2a^2+ab+2b^2}=\sqrt{\dfrac{3}{2}\left(a^2+b^2\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2}\ge\sqrt{\dfrac{3}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2}=\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\left(a+b\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\sqrt{2b^2+bc+2c^2}\ge\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\left(b+c\right)\) ; \(\sqrt{2c^2+ca+2a^2}\ge\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\left(c+a\right)\)
Cộng vế với vế:
\(P\ge\sqrt{5}\left(a+b+c\right)\ge\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{3}\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c}\right)^3=\dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{9}\)
\(a^2+b^2-ab\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2-\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a^2-ab+b^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{4}\left(a+b\right)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{a+b}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b^2-bc+c^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\) ; \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{c^2-ca+a^2}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{1}{c}+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\)
Cộng vế:
\(P\le\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=3\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+a^2}}=\frac{\sqrt{bc}}{\sqrt{bc+a.abc}}=\frac{\sqrt{bc}}{\sqrt{bc+a\left(a+b+c\right)}}=\frac{\sqrt{bc}}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}\le\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{b}{a+b}+\frac{c}{a+c}\right)\)
Tương tự và cộng lại \(\Rightarrow P\le\frac{3}{2}\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\sqrt{3}\)
Đặt: \(a=\frac{1}{x};b=\frac{1}{y};c=\frac{1}{z}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}+\frac{1}{z}=\frac{1}{xyz}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow xy+yz+zx=1\)
Ta có:
\(S=\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{y}.\frac{1}{z}\left(1+\frac{1}{x^2}\right)}}+\frac{\frac{1}{y}}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{z}.\frac{1}{x}\left(1+\frac{1}{y^2}\right)}}+\frac{\frac{1}{z}}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{x}.\frac{1}{y}\left(1+\frac{1}{z^2}\right)}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\frac{yz}{1+x^2}}+\sqrt{\frac{zx}{1+y^2}}+\sqrt{\frac{xy}{1+z^2}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\frac{yz}{xy+yz+zx+x^2}}+\sqrt{\frac{zx}{xy+yz+zx+y^2}}+\sqrt{\frac{xy}{xy+yz+zx+z^2}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\frac{yz}{\left(x+y\right)\left(x+z\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{zx}{\left(y+x\right)\left(y+z\right)}}+\sqrt{\frac{xy}{\left(z+x\right)\left(z+y\right)}}\)
\(\le\frac{1}{2}.\left(\frac{y}{x+y}+\frac{z}{x+z}+\frac{z}{y+z}+\frac{x}{x+y}+\frac{x}{z+x}+\frac{y}{z+y}\right)\)
\(=\frac{1}{2}.\left(1+1+1\right)=\frac{3}{2}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=\sqrt{3}\)