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Áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:
\(a^2+b^2+c^2\ge\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}\Rightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)^2\le9\Rightarrow a+b+c\le3\left(1\right)\)
Ta có:\(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\forall a,b,c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2+b^2-2bc+c^2+c^2-2ca+a^2\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)\ge2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\le3\left(2\right)\)
Cộng vế với vế của\(\left(1\right),\left(2\right)\)ta được:
\(a+b+c+ab+bc+ca\le3+3=6\left(đpcm\right)\)
\(a^2+b^2+c^2=ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)=2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2=2ab+2bc+2ca\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2a^2+2b^2+2c^2-2ab-2bc-2ca=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)+\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)+\left(c^2-2ca+a^2\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2=0\)(1)
Vì \(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\); \(\left(b-c\right)^2\ge0\); \(\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\)với \(\forall a,b,c\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\)(2)
Từ (1) và (2) \(\Rightarrow\)Dấu " = " xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\hept{\begin{cases}a-b=0\\b-c=0\\c-a=0\end{cases}}\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)( đpcm )
P/s : bài này khá khó nên mình thử thôi !
Không mất tính tổng quát , ta giả sử : \(a\ge b\ge c\)
Đặt \(M=ab+bc+ca-12\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\left(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\right)\)
\(N=a\left(b+c\right)-12\left[a^3+\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\left[a^2\left(b+c\right)^2\right]\)
Ta có : \(ab+ac+bc\ge a\left(b+c\right)\)hay \(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\le a^2\left(b+c\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow M\ge N\)
Tiếp , ta sẽ chứng minh \(N\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a\left(b+c\right)-12\left[a^3+\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\left[a^2\left(b+c\right)^2\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a\left(b+c\right)\left\{1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[a^3+\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\right\}\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[a^3\left(b+c\right)^3\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b+c\right)^3-3a\left(b+c\right)\left(a+b+c\right)\right]\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1-12a\left(b+c\right)\left[1-3a\left(b+c\right)\right]\ge0\left(1\right)\)
Đặt x = a ; y = b + c ta có : \(x+y=1\Rightarrow xy\le\frac{1}{4}\)
Theo bất đẳng thức AM - GM , ta có :
\(12xy\left(1-3xy\right)\le\frac{1}{4}.12xy\left(4-12xy\right)\le\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{12xy+4-12xy}{2}\right)^2=1\)
=> Bất đẳng thức ( 1 ) luôn đúng
\(\Rightarrow N\ge0\)
Vậy \(M\ge0\)\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge12\left(a^3+b^3+c^3\right)\left(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2\right)\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra với bộ \(\left(\frac{3+\sqrt{3}}{6};\frac{3-\sqrt{3}}{6};0\right)\)và các hoán vị của chúng .
WLOG: \(c=min\left\{a,b,c\right\}\)
Let \(p=a+b+c;ab+bc+ca=q;abc=r\) so p = 1; \(r\ge0\)and \(3\ge q\ge ab\left(\text{vì }c\ge0\right)\)
Need: \(q\ge12\left(p^3-3pq+3r\right)\left(q^2-2pr\right)\)
Have: \(VP=12\left(1-3q+3r\right)\left(q^2-2r\right)=\frac{2}{3}.\left(1-3q+3r\right).18\left(q^2-2r\right)\)
\(\le\frac{1}{6}\left[1-3q+3r+18\left(q^2-2r\right)\right]=\frac{1}{6}\left[18q^2-3q+1-33r\right]\)
\(\le\frac{1}{6}\left(18q^2-3q+1\right)=3q^2-\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{1}{6}\)
Hence, we need to prove: \(q\ge3q^2-\frac{1}{2}q+\frac{1}{6}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow3q^2-\frac{3}{2}q+\frac{1}{6}\le0\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{6}\le q\le\frac{1}{3}\)
Which it is obvious because:
\(q=ab+bc+ca\le\frac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}=\frac{1}{3}\)
\(q-\frac{1}{6}=ab+bc+ca-\frac{1}{6}=ab+c-\frac{1}{6}+c\left(a+b-1\right)\)\(=ab-\frac{1}{6}+1-\left(a+b\right)-c\left[1-\left(a+b\right)\right]\)
\(=ab-\frac{1}{6}+\left[1-\left(a+b\right)\right]\left(1-c\right)\ge0\)
Ta có :
\(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=0\Rightarrow\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}=-\frac{1}{c}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\right)^3=\left(-\frac{1}{c}\right)^3\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+3\frac{1}{a}.\frac{1}{b}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\right)=-\frac{1}{c^3}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+\frac{1}{c^3}=-3\frac{1}{a}\frac{1}{b}\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+\frac{1}{c^3}=-3\frac{1}{a}\frac{1}{b}\left(-\frac{1}{c}\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+\frac{1}{c^3}=3\frac{1}{abc}=\frac{3}{abc}\)
Ta lại có :
\(P=\frac{bc}{a^2}+\frac{ca}{b^2}+\frac{ab}{c^2}=\frac{abc}{a^3}+\frac{bca}{b^3}+\frac{cab}{c^3}\)
\(=abc\left(\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+\frac{1}{c^3}\right)=abc.\frac{3}{abc}=3\)
\(\)
Bài làm:
Ta có: \(P=\frac{bc}{a^2}+\frac{ca}{b^2}+\frac{ab}{c^2}=\frac{abc}{a^3}+\frac{abc}{b^3}+\frac{abc}{c^3}\)
\(=abc\left(\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+\frac{1}{c^3}\right)\)
CM HĐT phụ:
Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3=\left(a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc\right)+3abc\)
\(=\left[\left(a+b\right)^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)+c^3-3abc\right]+3abc\)
\(=\left[\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+2ab+b^2-ac-bc+c^2\right)-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)\right]+3abc\)
\(=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca\right)+3abc\)
Áp dụng vào trên ta được:
\(abc\left(\frac{1}{a^3}+\frac{1}{b^3}+\frac{1}{c^3}\right)\)
\(=abc\left[\left(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}\right)\left(\frac{1}{a^2}+\frac{1}{b^2}+\frac{1}{c^2}-\frac{1}{ab}-\frac{1}{bc}-\frac{1}{ca}\right)+\frac{3}{abc}\right]\)
Mà \(\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}=0\)
\(P=abc.\frac{3}{abc}=3\)
Vậy P = 3