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\(\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}\)
\(=\sqrt{\dfrac{\left(bc\right)^2+\left(ac\right)^2+\left(ab\right)^2}{\left(abc\right)^2}}\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{\left(bc+ac+ab\right)^2-2abc\left(a+b+c\right)}}{abc}\)
(áp dụng HĐT: \(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+ac+bc\right)\))
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{\left[a\left(b+c\right)+bc\right]^2-2abc\left[a+\left(b+c\right)\right]}}{abc}\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{\left(a^2+bc\right)^2-4a^2bc}}{abc}\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{a^4+2a^2bc+\left(bc\right)^2-4a^2bc}}{abc}\)
\(=\dfrac{\sqrt{a^4-2a^2bc+\left(bc\right)^2}}{abc}\)
\(=\dfrac{a^2-bc}{abc}\) là 1 số hữu tỉ (đpcm)
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}=\dfrac{1}{\left(b+c\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(b+c\right)^2b^2+\left(b+c\right)^2c^2+b^2c^2}{b^2c^2\left(b+c\right)^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{b^4+2b^3c+3b^2c^2+2bc^3+c^4}{b^2c^2\left(b+c\right)^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(b^4+2b^2c^2+c^4\right)+2bc\left(b^2+c^2\right)+b^2c^2}{b^2c^2\left(b+c\right)^2}\)
\(=\dfrac{\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)^2}{b^2c^2\left(b+c\right)^2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)^2}{b^2c^2\left(b+c\right)^2}}=\dfrac{b^2+bc+c^2}{bc\left(b+c\right)}\)
Vì a, b, c là các số hữu tỉ nên \(\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}\) là số hữu tỉ
Chứng minh bừa :))
\(a\ne b=>\left(a-b\right)^2>0=>\dfrac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}>0\)
Tương tự
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}>0\)
\(\dfrac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}>0\)
\(=>M=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{\left(a-b\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(b-c\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(c-a\right)^2}}>0\)
Vậy B tồn tại => B là số hữu tỉ
Ta có: \(a=b+c\Rightarrow a-b-c=0\)
\(\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2=\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}-\dfrac{2}{ab}+\dfrac{2}{bc}-\dfrac{2}{ac}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{a-b-c}{abc}\right)\)\(=\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}\)
Nên \(P=\sqrt[]{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}=\sqrt[]{\left(\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right)^2}\)
\(=\left|\dfrac{1}{a}-\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{1}{c}\right|\) => ĐPCM
Bài này thiếu " a,b,c là các số hữu tỉ " phải không?
Câu 3 : Ta có :
\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a^2+1=a^2+ab+bc+ca=\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\\b^2+1=b^2+ab+bc+ca=\left(b+c\right)\left(b+a\right)\\c^2+1=c^2+ab+bc+ca=\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Thay vào biểu thức ta được :
\(\sqrt{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)}=\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(b+a\right)\left(c+a\right)\left(c+b\right)}=\sqrt{\left[\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\right]^2}=\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\)
Vậy biểu thức trên là một số hữu tỉ .
Wish you study well !!!
Ta có BĐT \(3\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\le\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right)\ge0\) (đúng)
\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\le\dfrac{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{3}=1\)
Khi đó áp dụng BĐT Cauchy-Schwarz ta có:
\(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}\le\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+ab+bc+ca}}=\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)}}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}\right)\). Tương tự cho 2 BĐT còn lại:
\(\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}\right);\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{c}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{b+c}\right)\)
Cộng theo vế 3 BĐT trên ta có:
\(VT\le\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a+b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b+c}{b+c}+\dfrac{c+a}{c+a}\right)=\dfrac{3}{2}=VP\)
Xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\)
Áp dụng BĐT Bu-nhi-a ta có:
\(\sqrt{a^2+1}=\sqrt{a^2+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}}=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{4\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}+\dfrac{1}{3}\right)}\)
\(\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\left(a+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}.3\right)^2}=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\left(a+\sqrt{3}\right)^2}=\dfrac{a+\sqrt{3}}{2}\left(a>0\right)\)
Tương tự ta cũng có: \(\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}\le\dfrac{2b}{b+\sqrt{3}}\)
\(\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le\dfrac{2c}{c+\sqrt{3}}\)
=> \(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\)
\(\le2\left(\dfrac{a}{2a+b+c}+\dfrac{b}{2b+a+c}+\dfrac{c}{2c+a+b}\right)\) (1)
Áp dụng BĐT phụ: \(\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\right)\ge\dfrac{1}{x+y}\) ta có:
\(\dfrac{a}{2a+b+c}+\dfrac{b}{2b+a+c}+\dfrac{c}{2c+a+b}\)
\(=\dfrac{a}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(a+c\right)}+\dfrac{b}{\left(a+b\right)+\left(b+c\right)}+\dfrac{c}{\left(a+c\right)+\left(b+c\right)}\)
\(\le\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{a}{a+b}+\dfrac{a}{a+c}+\dfrac{b}{a+b}+\dfrac{b}{b+c}+\dfrac{c}{a+c}+\dfrac{c}{b+c}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{a+c}{a+c}+\dfrac{b+a}{a+b}+\dfrac{c+b}{b+c}\right)=\dfrac{3}{4}\) (2)
Từ (1); (2)
=> \(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+1}}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+1}}+\dfrac{c}{\sqrt{c^2+1}}\le2.\dfrac{3}{4}=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(đpcm\right)\)
Dấu = xảy ra <=> \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)