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Ta có : \(b=\dfrac{c+a}{2}\Rightarrow2b=c+a\Rightarrow a-b=b-c\)
Dó đó : \(P=\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}}+\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c}}\right)\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{c}\right)\)
\(P=\left[\dfrac{\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}}{\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}\right)\left(\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}\right)}+\dfrac{\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}}{\left(\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{c}\right)\left(\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}\right)}\right]\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{c}\right)\)
\(P=\left[\dfrac{\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}}{a-b}+\dfrac{\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}}{b-c}\right]\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{c}\right)\)
\(P=\left[\dfrac{\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}}{b-c}+\dfrac{\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}}{b-c}\right]\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{c}\right)\) Vì \(\left(a-b=b-c\right)\)
\(P=\left[\dfrac{\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}+\sqrt{b}-\sqrt{c}}{b-c}\right]\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{c}\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{c}}{b-c}\left(\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{c}\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{a-c}{a-b}=\dfrac{a-c}{a-\dfrac{a+c}{2}}=\dfrac{a-c}{\dfrac{2a-a-c}{2}}=\dfrac{a-c}{\dfrac{a-c}{2}}=2\)
ĐKXĐ: \(abc\ne0\)
\(a^3+b^3+3ab\left(a+b\right)+c^3-3ab\left(a+b\right)-3abc=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab-ac-bc\right)-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left[\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\right]=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a+b+c=0\\a=b=c\end{matrix}\right.\)
TH1: \(a+b+c=0\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}{abc}=\dfrac{\left(-c\right)\left(-a\right)\left(-b\right)}{abc}=-1\)
TH2: \(a=b=c\Rightarrow P=\left(1+1\right)\left(1+1\right)\left(1+1\right)=8\)
\(abc\ge\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)\left(c+a-b\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow abc\ge\left(3-2a\right)\left(3-2b\right)\left(3-2c\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow9abc\ge12\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-27\)
\(\Rightarrow abc\ge\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{9}{a\left(b^2+bc+c^2\right)+b\left(c^2+ca+a^2\right)+c\left(a^2+ab+b^2\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{9}{\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\left(a+b+c\right)}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3}{ab+bc+ca}+\dfrac{abc}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{3+abc}{ab+bc+ca}\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge\dfrac{3+\dfrac{4}{3}\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3}{ab+bc+ca}=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=1\)
a) phương trình \(x^3-3x^2+1\) có 3 nghiệm thực phân biệt là a,b,c(đề bài). Áp dụng Định lí Vi-ét cho đa thức bậc 3 ta có:\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b+c=3\\ab+bc+ac=0\\a.b.c=-1\end{matrix}\right.\)
ta có
a+b+c=3
<=>\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=9\)
<=>\(a^2+b^2+c^2+2ab+2bc+2ac=9\)
<=>\(a^2+b^2+c^2=9\)
<=>\(\left(a^2+b^2+c^2\right)^2=81\)
<=>\(a^4+b^4+c^4+2\left(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2\right)=81\)(1)
ta có ab+bc+ac=0
<=>\(\left(ab+bc+ac\right)^2=0\)
<=>\(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2+2abc\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
<=>\(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2-2.1.3=0\)
<=>\(a^2b^2+b^2c^2+a^2c^2=6\)(2)
Thay (2) vào (1) ta có \(a^4+b^4+c^4+2.6=81\)
<=>\(a^4+b^4+c^4=69\)
b) \(\dfrac{a+1}{\left(b+c\right)\left(1-a\right)+1}=\dfrac{a+1}{\left(3-a\right)\left(1-a\right)+1}=\dfrac{a+1}{3+a^2-4a+1}=\dfrac{a+1}{a^2-4a+4}=\dfrac{a+1}{\left(a-2\right)^2}\)
cmtt =>\(B=\dfrac{a+1}{\left(a-2\right)^2}+\dfrac{b+1}{\left(b-2\right)^2}+\dfrac{c+1}{\left(c-2\right)^2}\)=\(\dfrac{1}{a-2}+\dfrac{1}{b-2}+\dfrac{1}{c-2}+3\left[\dfrac{1}{\left(a-2\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(b-2\right)^2}+\dfrac{1}{\left(c-2\right)^2}\right]\)=\(\dfrac{3\left[\left(a-2\right)\left(b-2\right)\right]^2+3\left[\left(b-2\right)\left(c-a\right)\right]^2+3\left[\left(c-2\right)\left(a-2\right)\right]^2}{\left[\left(a-2\right)\left(b-2\right)\left(c-2\right)\right]^2}\)
đặt t=(a-2)(b-2);u=(b-2)(c-2);v=(c-2)(a-2) =>t+u+v=0
B thành \(\dfrac{3\left(t^2+u^2+v^2\right)}{t.u.v}\) bạn biến đổi để xuất hiện t+u+v
=>B=\(\dfrac{3\left(t+u+v\right)^2-6\left(t.u+u.v+t.v\right)}{t.u.v}=\dfrac{-6.\left(a-2\right)\left(b-2\right)\left(c-2\right)\left(a-2+b-2+c-2\right)}{t.u.v}=\dfrac{18}{\left(a-2\right)\left(b-2\right)\left(c-2\right)}\)
(a-2)(b-2)(c-2)= abc-2(ab+bc+ac)+4(a+b+c)-8=12-9=3
Vậy B=3
\(Q=\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b+c\right)^2+bc}}\ge\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{\sqrt{2\left(b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(b+c\right)^2}}=\dfrac{2}{3}\sum\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{b+c}\)
\(Q\ge\dfrac{2}{3}.\dfrac{\left(a+b+b+c+c+a\right)^2}{a+b+b+c+c+a}=\dfrac{4}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)=\dfrac{4}{3}\)
Ta có:
\(P=\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\left(a+b+c+36abc\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}+\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}+3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{ab}+\dfrac{b^2+c^2}{bc}+\dfrac{c^2+a^2}{ca}+3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P=\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{ab}+\dfrac{\left(b+c\right)^2}{bc}+\dfrac{\left(c+a\right)^2}{ca}-3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{4\left(a+b+c\right)^2}{ab+bc+ca}-3+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\)
\(P\ge\dfrac{4}{ab+bc+ca}+36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)-3\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{4.36\left(ab+bc+ca\right)}{ab+bc+ca}}-3=21\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
Lời giải:
Nếu bạn học dồn biến- thừa trừ rồi thì có thể làm như sau:
$P=\frac{ab+bc+ac}{abc}(1+36abc)=\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}+36(ab+bc+ac)=f(a,b,c)$
Giả sử $c=\max(a,b,c)$. Ta sẽ chứng minh $f(a,b,c)\geq f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)$
Thật vậy:
\(f(a,b,c)- f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)=\frac{(a+b)^2-4ab}{ab(a+b)}+36.\frac{4ab-(a+b)^2}{4}\)
\(=\frac{(a-b)^2}{ab(a+b)}-9(a-b)^2=(a-b)^2(\frac{1}{ab(a+b)}-9)\)
Vì $c=\max (a,b,c)$ mà $a+b+c=1\Rightarrow a+b\leq \frac{2}{3}$
$\Rightarrow ab\leq \frac{1}{4}(a+b)^2\leq \frac{1}{9}$
$\Rightarrow \frac{1}{ab(a+b)}\geq \frac{27}{2}$
$\Rightarrow \frac{1}{ab(a+b)}-9>0$
Do đó: $f(a,b,c)\geq f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)$
Mà:
$f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)-21=\frac{4}{a+b}+\frac{1}{c}+36[\frac{(a+b)^2}{4}+c(a+b)]-21$
$=\frac{4}{1-c}+\frac{1}{c}+9(1-c)^2+36c(1-c)-21$
$=\frac{3c+1}{c(1-c)}+9(1-c)^2+36c(1-c)-21$
$=(3c-1)^2.\frac{3c^2-3c+1}{c(1-c)}\geq 0$ với mọi $1>c\geq \frac{1}{3}$
Do đó $f(\frac{a+b}{2}, \frac{a+b}{2}, c)\geq 21$
$\Rightarrow f(a,b,c)\geq 21$
Hay $P_{\min}=21$
\(P\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{abc\left(a^2+1\right)^2\left(b^2+1\right)^2\left(c^2+1\right)^2}{a^2b^2c^2\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)}}=3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)}{abc}}\)
\(P\ge3\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)}{\left(\dfrac{a+b+c}{3}\right)^3}}=9\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)}{\left(a+b+c\right)^3}}\ge9\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)}{2\left(a+b+c\right)^2}}\)
Theo nguyên lý Dirichlet, trong 3 số \(a^2;b^2;c^2\) luôn có ít nhất 2 số cùng phía so với \(\dfrac{4}{9}\)
Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử đó là \(a^2;b^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2-\dfrac{4}{9}\right)\left(b^2-\dfrac{4}{9}\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2b^2+\dfrac{16}{81}\ge\dfrac{4}{9}a^2+\dfrac{4}{9}b^2\)
\(\Rightarrow a^2b^2+a^2+b^2+1\ge\dfrac{13}{9}a^2+\dfrac{13}{9}b^2+\dfrac{65}{81}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\ge\dfrac{13}{9}\left(a^2+b^2+\dfrac{5}{9}\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(a^2+1\right)\left(b^2+1\right)\left(c^2+1\right)\ge\dfrac{13}{9}\left(a^2+b^2+\dfrac{5}{9}\right)\left(c^2+1\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{13}{9}\left(a^2+b^2+\dfrac{4}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}\right)\left(\dfrac{4}{9}+\dfrac{4}{9}+c^2+\dfrac{1}{9}\right)\)
\(\ge\dfrac{13}{9}\left(\dfrac{2}{3}a+\dfrac{2}{3}b+\dfrac{2}{3}c+\dfrac{1}{9}\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow P\ge9\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{\dfrac{13}{9}\left(\dfrac{2}{3}\left(a+b+c\right)+\dfrac{1}{9}\right)^2}{2\left(a+b+c\right)^2}}=9\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{13}{18}\left(\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{1}{9\left(a+b+c\right)}\right)^2}\)
\(P\ge9\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{13}{18}\left(\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{1}{9.2}\right)^2}=\dfrac{13}{2}\)
\(P_{min}=\dfrac{13}{2}\) khi \(a=b=c=\dfrac{2}{3}\)
Thầy cho em hỏi cơ sở để ta nghĩ ra dòng
\(\left(a^2-\dfrac{4}{9}\right)\left(b^2-\dfrac{4}{9}\right)\ge0\) này là gì ạ?
Theo cá nhân em thấy cách giải này hay và dễ hiểu, và có lẽ cũng dựa vào điểm rơi nhưng hình như lời giải chưa tự nhiên lắm thì phải ạ. Thầy có cách nào nữa không thầy? Em cảm ơn ạ.
1.
\(y^2+y\left(x^3+x^2+x\right)+x^5-x^4+2x^3-2x^2\)
\(\Delta=\left(x^3+x^2+x\right)^2-4\left(x^5-x^4+2x^3-2x^2\right)\)
\(=\left(x^3-x^2+3x\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}y=\dfrac{-x^3-x^2-x+x^3-x^2+3x}{2}=-x^2+x\\y=\dfrac{-x^3-x^2-x-x^3+x^2-3x}{2}=-x^3-2x\end{matrix}\right.\)
Hay đa thức trên có thể phân tích thành:
\(\left(x^2-x+y\right)\left(x^3+2x+y\right)\)
Dựa vào đó em tự tách cho phù hợp
Từ giả thiết suy ra: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{1}{a+b+c}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{1}{c}-\dfrac{1}{a+b+c}\right)=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{ab}+\dfrac{a+b}{c\left(a+b+c\right)}=0\)
\(\Rightarrow\) (a + b)[c(a + b + c) + ab] = 0
\(\Rightarrow\) (a + b)(ac + ab + bc + c2) = 0
\(\Rightarrow\) (a + b)(b + c)(a + c) = 0
P = (a2004 - b2004)(b2005 + c2005)(c2006 - a2006)
= (a + b)(b + c)(a + c) = 0