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\(a+b\ge a^2+b^2\ge\dfrac{1}{2}\left(a+b\right)^2\Rightarrow a+b\le2\)
\(\Rightarrow2\ge a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\Rightarrow ab\le1\)
Xét \(Q=\dfrac{a}{a+1}+\dfrac{b}{b+1}=\dfrac{a\left(b+1\right)+b\left(a+1\right)}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}=\dfrac{a+b+2ab}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}\)
\(Q=\dfrac{a+b+ab+ab}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}\le\dfrac{a+b+ab+1}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}{\left(a+1\right)\left(b+1\right)}=1\)
\(\Rightarrow P\le2020+1^{2021}=2021\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=1\)
Ta có: \(a^2+b^2=a+b\Leftrightarrow4a^2+4b^2=4a+4b\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4a^2-4a+4b^2-4b=0\Leftrightarrow\left(4a^2-4a+1\right)+\left(4b^2-4a+1\right)=2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(2a-1\right)^2+\left(2b-1\right)^2=2\)
Áp dụng BĐT: \(\frac{a^2}{x}+\frac{b^2}{y}\ge\frac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{x+y}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(2a-1\right)^2+\left(2b-1\right)^2\ge\frac{\left(2a+2b-2\right)}{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow2\ge\frac{\left(2a+2b-2\right)^2}{2}\Leftrightarrow4\ge\left(2a+2b-2\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow1\ge a+b-1\Leftrightarrow4\ge a+b+2\)
Nhận thấy: \(S=\frac{a}{a+1}+\frac{b}{b+1}=\left(1-\frac{1}{a+1}\right)+\left(1-\frac{1}{b+1}\right)\)
\(=2-\left(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}\right)\)
Ta áp dụng BĐT \(\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}\ge\frac{4}{x+y}\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}\ge\frac{4}{a+b+2}\Rightarrow2-\left(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}\right)\le2-\frac{4}{a+b+2}\)
Do \(a+b+2\le4\)(cmt) \(\Rightarrow\frac{4}{a+b+2}\ge1\Rightarrow2-\frac{4}{a+b+2}\le1\)
Từ đó: \(S=2-\left(\frac{1}{a+1}+\frac{1}{b+1}\right)\le2-\frac{4}{a+b+2}\le1\)
Suy ra \(Max\) \(S=1\).
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b=1.\)
\(\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(c-a\right)^2\ge0\) ; \(\forall a;b;c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2\ge ab+bc+ca\)
\(\Rightarrow ab+bc+ca\le1\)
\(\Rightarrow P_{max}=1\) khi \(a=b=c\)
Lại có:
\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2\ge0\) ; \(\forall a;b;c\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ca\right)\ge0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ca\ge-\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{2}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(P_{min}=-\dfrac{1}{2}\) khi \(a+b+c=0\)
\(9=3a^2+2b^2+2bc+2c^2=\left(a+b+c\right)^2+2a^2+b^2+c^2-2a\left(b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow9\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2+2a^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(b+c\right)^2-2a\left(b+c\right)\)
\(\Rightarrow9\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(2a-b-c\right)^2\ge\left(a+b+c\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow-3\le a+b+c\le3\)
\(T_{max}=3\) khi \(a=b=c=1\)
\(T_{min}=-3\) khi \(a=b=c=-1\)